RevisiónPrescripción de ejercicio físico: indicaciones, posología y efectos adversosExercise prescription: indications, dosage and side effects
Section snippets
Introducción
Un componente fundamental de la calidad de vida es la salud, definida como una manera de vivir autónoma, solidaria y gozosa. Marc Lalonde, ministro de salud de Canadá, describió cuatro factores determinantes de la salud. Posteriormente, Dever estudió su impacto sobre el nivel de salud, observando que el estilo de vida era el factor más relevante (tabla 1)1.
El estilo de vida saludable suele fundamentarse en cuatro grandes pilares:
- -
Alimentación equilibrada.
- -
Relaciones sociales satisfactorias.
- -
Forma
Indicaciones
La mayor parte de la información sobre las indicaciones de la prescripción de ejercicio físico se basa en estudios prospectivos de cohortes en los que se han ajustado los posibles factores de confusión.
Dosis de ejercicio físico
Las dosis de actividad física recomendadas por el Colegio Americano de Medicina Deportiva y la Asociación Americana de Cardiología para mejorar la forma física, reducir el riesgo de padecer enfermedades crónicas y discapacidades y prevenir el sobrepeso se exponen en la tabla 350.
Cómo prescribir el ejercicio físico
Para realizar una prescripción correcta de ejercicio físico debe tenerse en cuenta el tipo de ejercicio, la intensidad, la duración, la frecuencia, el ritmo de progresión y la estructura de la sesión de ejercicio, según
Efectos adversos del ejercicio físico
La práctica de ejercicio físico comporta, fundamentalmente, dos tipos de riesgo: el riesgo de lesiones del aparato locomotor y el riesgo cardiovascular.
Conclusión
La prescripción de ejercicio físico es útil para prevenir la mortalidad prematura de cualquier causa, la cardiopatía isquémica, la enfermedad cerebrovascular, la hipertensión arterial, el cáncer de colon y mama, la diabetes tipo 2, el síndrome metabólico, la obesidad, la osteoporosis, la sarcopenia, la dependencia funcional y las caídas en ancianos, el deterioro cognitivo, la ansiedad y la depresión.
Dicho beneficio se observa en ambos sexos y es mayor cuanto mayor es el volumen o la intensidad
Conflicto de intereses
Los autores declaran no tener ningún conflicto de intereses.
Bibliografía (53)
- et al.
Prevalence, family history, and prevention of reported osteoporosis in U.S. women
Am J Prev Med.
(2008) - et al.
Physical activity interventions among adults with arthritis: meta-analysis of outcomes
Semin Arthritis Rheum.
(2008) - et al.
Physical activity, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and lower urinary tract symptoms
Eur Urol.
(2008) - Dever GEA. An epidemiological model for health policy analysis. Social Indicators Research 2. Springer Netherlands...
- et al.
Evidence-informed physical activity guidelines for Canadian adults
Can J Pub Health.
(2007) - et al.
Physical activity, function, and longevity among the very old
Arch Intern Med.
(2009) - et al.
Sedentary habits, health, and function in older women and men
Am J Health Prom.
(2000) - et al.
Physical activity and coronary heart disease in women: is “no pain, no gain” passe?
JAMA.
(2001) - et al.
A single weekly bout of exercise may reduce cardiovascular mortality: how little pain for cardiac gain? ‘The HUNT study, Norway’
Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil.
(2006) - et al.
Effects of physical activity on life expectancy with cardiovascular disease
Arch Intern Med.
(2005)
Physical activity for secondary prevention disease
Dan Med Bull.
Physical activity and stroke. A meta-analysis of observational data
Int J Epidemiol.
Physical activity and cancer risk: dose-response and cancer, all sites and site-specific
Med Sci Sports Exerc.
Physical activity and breast cancer: a systematic review
Epidemiology.
Physical activity and reduced occurrence of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
N Engl J Med.
Occupational, commuting, and leisure-time physical activity in relation to risk for Type 2 diabetes in middle-aged Finnish men and women
Diabetologia.
Lifestyle and risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in women: a review of the epidemiologic evidence
Am J Lifestyle Med.
Low cardiorespiratory fitness and physical inactivity as predictors of mortality in men with type 2 diabetes
Ann Intern Med.
Television watching and other sedentary behaviors in relation to risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus in women
JAMA.
Cardiorespiratory fitness is inversely associated with the incidence of metabolic syndrome: a prospective study of men and women
Circulation.
Effects of the amount of exercise on body weight, body composition, and measures of central obesity: STRRIDE--a randomized controlled study
Arch Intern Med.
Efficacy of resistance exercise on lumbar spine and femoral neck bone mineral density in premenopausal women: a meta-analysis of individual patient data
J Womens Health.
Effective exercise for the prevention of falls: a systematic review and meta-analysis
J Am Geriatr Soc.
Walking and leisure-time activity and risk of hip fracture in postmenopausal women
JAMA.
Aerobic walking or strengthening exercise for osteoarthritis of the knee? A systematic review
Ann Rheum Dis.
Cited by (48)
Effects of a multicomponent physical exercise programme on perceived health-related quality of life and on depressive symptoms in older adults living in long-term nursing homes
2023, International Journal of Nursing SciencesCitation Excerpt :1RM measures the greatest amount of weight that can be moved with a correct technique only once [28]. MET is the amount of oxygen necessary for maintaining 1 min of the metabolic functions of the organism with the individual at rest and sitting and is equivalent to 3.5 ml O2/kg/min [29]. The Borg scale measures the effort that the individual perceives when exercising and adjustments can be made in intensity [14].
Prescription of exercise in cancer patients. Systematic review
2021, FisioterapiaThe value of sarcopenia in the prevention of disability
2019, Medicina ClinicaUltra Pirineu 2017: Characteristics of elite and non-elite runners and effects on health of a mountain marathon: Serialmed-UP pilot study
2018, Apunts Medicina de l'EsportCitation Excerpt :Moderate aerobic exercise for a minimum of 30 min, 5 days a week, or vigorous exercise for 20 min, 3 days a week, is recommended to achieve these benefits. Physical exercise can also entail injury and risk but, overall, the benefits outweigh the risks.1 Recent years have seen an increase in the number of people who run, and they are currently undertaking long distances such as marathons and ultramarathons.