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Vol. 29. Issue 3.
Pages 139-147 (April 1993)
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Vol. 29. Issue 3.
Pages 139-147 (April 1993)
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Ventilación mecánica. Efectos secundarios. Yatrogenia
Mechanical ventilation. Secondary effects. Iatrogenesis
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M. de Frutos Herranz, A. Indarte Boyero, T. Saldaña Fernández
Servicio de Medicina Intensiva. Hospital General Yagüe. Burgos
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La aplicación de ventilación mecánica mediante el aislamiento de la vía aérea por intubación o traqueotomía ha demostrado su utilidad terapéutica a lo largo de la segunda mitad del siglo. No obstante, el empleo de un método que distorsiona considerablemente la fisiología normal de la respiración, se acompaña con frecuencia de efectos colaterales, en ocasiones de trascendencia.

Se producen modificaciones en la distribución de los flujos pulmonares aéreo y sanguíneo, disminución del retorno venoso al tórax y reducción del gasto cardíaco, con la consiguiente disminución, al menos temporal, de la perfusión de otros órganos. También son efectos comprobados la retención hídrica, menor eliminación de agua renal y aumento de la presión intracraneal. La existencia en la vía aérea de tubos y cánulas facilita la aparición de zonas de decúbito que pueden manifestar su nocividad tanto durante la aplicación de la técnica, como posteriormente a la retirada del apoyo ventilatorio por las estenosis cicatriciales residuales.

También es demostrable la elevada incidencia de infección por gérmenes gram-negativos procedentes de la colonización faríngea o gástrica, además de la posibilidad de rotura pulmonar por la presión positiva generada en la vía aérea.

Además de los potenciales riesgos tóxicos de la inhalación de mezclas de gases con elevada proporción de oxígeno, al ser la ventilación mecánica un procedimiento de apoyo o suplencia para una actividad básica para la vida, los fallos derivados del funcionamiento del respirador, o del personal sanitario asistente, suponen también riesgos que influyen en la morbimortalidad durante la aplicación de esta técnica.

The application of mechanical ventilation by the isolation of the airway by intubation or tracheotomy have demonstrated therapeutic usefulness throughout the second half of this century. Nonetheless, the use of a method which considerably distorts the normal physiology of respiration is frequently accompanied by, occasionally important, side effects. Modifications are produced in the distribution of the pulmonary air and blood flows, decrease in venous return to the thorax and reduction of heart rate, with the consequent decrease, at least temporallily, of prefusion of other organs. Hydric retention, lesser elimination of renal water and an increase of intracranial pressure are also proven effects. The existence of tubes and cannulas in the airway facilitates the appearance of decubitous zones which may be harmful not only during the application of the technique but also posteriorly upon the withdrawal of ventilation support by residual scarring stenosis.

The high incidence of infection by gram negative germs from pharyngeal or gastric colonization in addition to the possibility of pulmonary rupture by the positive pressure generated in the airway has also been reported.

Further to the potential toxic risks of the inhalation of mixtures of gases with high proportions of oxygen, mechanical ventilation is a support of supplementary procedure for basic life activity and the faults derived from the functioning of the respirator or attending helath care staff also involves risks which influence morbimortality during the application of this technique.

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Copyright © 1993. Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica
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