Journal Information
Vol. 36. Issue 3.
Pages 129-132 (March 2000)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 36. Issue 3.
Pages 129-132 (March 2000)
Full text access
Tratamiento individualizado del tabaquismo. Resultados con chicles de 2 y 4mg de nicotina
Individualized treatment of smoking addiction. Results using 2 and 4mg nicotine gum
Visits
6679
C.A. Jiménez Ruiz
,1
Corresponding author
cjimenez@hup.es

Correspondencia: Unidad de Tabaquismo. Servicio de Neumología. Hospital de la Princesa. Diego de León, 62. 28006 Madrid.
, C. Cisneros*, O. Perelló Bosch*, M. Barruero Ferrero**, M.A. Hernández Mezquita**, S. Solano Reina*
* Unidad de Tabaquismo. Servicio de Neumología. Hospital Universitario de la Princesa. Madrid
** Servicio de Neumología. Hospital Clínico Universitario. Salamanca
This item has received
Article information

Se presentan los resultados de un estudio abierto de seguimiento, realizado para analizar la eficacia de la combinación de apoyo psicológico con chicles de 2 y 4mg de nicotina, en el tratamiento del tabaquismo.

Se han estudiado dos grupos de fumadores. Un grupo A, formado por 124 sujetos (74 varones y 50 mujeres) con una edad media de 37,4 (15,3) años, fumadores de 15,3 (8,7) cigarrillos diarios y un bajo grado de dependencia física a nicotina, 1,7 (1,3) puntos en el test de Fagerström. Un grupo B, formado por 107 sujetos (61 varones, 46 mujeres) con edad media de 38,9 (14,6) años, fumadores de 26,9 (9,3) cigarrillos diarios y con moderado-alto grado de dependencia física a la nicotina, 6,1 (2,4) puntos en el test de Fagerström. Las cifras entre paréntesis corresponden a la desviación estándar. Ambos grupos fueron tratados con apoyo psicológico leve y chicles de 2mg de nicotina (grupo A) y de 4mg (grupo B) durante un período de 12 semanas a dosis de una pieza de chicle cada 90-120 min al día durante el período de vigilia, reduciendo progresivamente la misma a partir de la sexta a la octava semanas. Los sujetos fueron vistos en ocho ocasiones a lo largo de un año (primer día de consulta y a la primera, segunda, cuarta, octava y duodécima semanas después del día de abandono, y el sexto y duodécimo mes).

A las 12 semanas de seguimiento, 61 sujetos (49%) del grupo A permanecieron abstinentes y 50 (47%) del grupo B. Estas cifras se redujeron a 56 (45%) y 46 (43%), respectivamente, al año de seguimiento. Entre los pacientes que alcanzaron con éxito los 3 meses de seguimiento, habían utilizado correctamente el chicle el 81% en el grupo A, y el 87% en el grupo B.

Molestias orofaríngeas, dentarias y de la articulación temporomandibular, hipo, meteorismo y pirosis fueron los efectos adversos más comunes (3-18%). Éstos siempre fueron leves y no se detectaron más allá de la octava semana de tratamiento.

En conclusión, la utilización de terapia combinada (apoyo psicológico leve más chicle de 2 o 4mg de nicotina) de acuerdo con el grado de dependencia física de los fumadores ofrece entre un 43-45% de éxitos en la abstinencia al año de seguimiento. Los efectos secundarios fueron escasos y leves.

Palabras clave:
Chicles de nicotina
Tratamiento
Tabaquismo

We present the results of an open follow-up study aimed at analyzing the efficacy of combining psychological counseling with prescription of 2 and 4mg nicotine gum to treat smokers.

Two groups of smokers wer studied. Group A contained 124 subjects (74 men, 50 women) with a mean age of 37.4 (15.3) yr who were smokers of 15.3 (8.7) cigarettes/day. In this group physical addiction to nicotine was low, assessed as 1.7 (1.3) on the Fagerström test. Group B consisted of 107 subjects (61 men, 46 women) with a mean age of 38.9 (14.6) who were smokers of 26.9 (9.3) cigarettes/day and whose level of physical addiction to nicotine was moderate- to-high, assessed as 6.1 (2.4) on the Fagerström test. Standard deviations are shown between parentheses. Both groups were given minimal psychological counseling; additionally, patients were prescribed one piece of nicotine gum very 90 to 120 minutes during waking hours (2mg in group A and 4mg in group B). The dose was gradually reduced after the sixth to the eighth week. The subjects were seen eight times over the first year (first day of consultation and during the first, second, fourth, eight and twelfth weeks after quitting, and again after six and twelve months).

After twelve weeks of follow-up, sixty-one subjects (49%) in group A and 50 (47%) in group B were still abstinent. These proportions fell to 56 (45%) and 46 (43%), respectively, after one year of follow-up. Eighty-one percent of group A patients who were successful after three months of follow-up, and 87% of the successful group B patients, had used the nicotine gum as prescribed.

Oropharyngeal, dental, and temporo-mandibular joint symptons, hiccoughins, flatulence and heartburn were the most frequent side effects (ranging from 3% to 18%). Side effects were always slight and were not detected after the eighth week of treatment.

In conclusion, combined therapy (minimal psychological counseling plus use of 2 or 4mg nicotine gum depending on the level of physical addiction) yields a success rate between 43% and 45% still abstaining after one year of follow-up. Side effects are few and mild.

Key words:
Nicotine grum
Treatment
Smoking
Full text is only aviable in PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
J. Schwartz.
Review and evaluation of smoking cessation methods: the United States and Canada.
1978-1985. NIH Publication N.o 87-2940, U.S. National Cancer Institute, (1987),
[2.]
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
The health consequences of smoking: Nicotine Addiction: a Report of de Surgeon General (DHHS publication N.o CDC) 88-8406, U.S. Government Printing Office, (1998),
[3.]
O. Fernö, S. Lichneckert, C. Lundgre.
A substitute for tobacco smoking psychopharmacology, 31 (1973), pp. 201-204
[4.]
M.A.H. Russell, M. Raw, J. Jarvis.
Clinical use of nicotine chewing gum.
BMJ, 280 (1980), pp. 1599-1602
[5.]
A.I. Hjalmarson.
Effect of nicotine chewing gum in smoking cessation. A randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind study.
JAMA, 252 (1984), pp. 2835-2838
[6.]
W. Lam, P.C. Sze, H.S. Sacks, T.C. Chalmers.
Meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of nicotine chewing-gum.
Lancet, 4 (1987), pp. 27-30
[7.]
M. Law, L. Tang, M. Wald.
An analysis of the effectiveness of interventions intended to help people to stop smoking.
Arch Intern Med, 155 (1995), pp. 1993-2041
[8.]
C. Silagy, D. Mant, G. Fowler, M. Lodge.
Meta-analysis on efficacy of nicotine replacement therapies in smoking cessation.
Lancet, 3,433 (1994), pp. 139-142
[9.]
K.O. Fagerström.
Effects of nicotine chewing-gum and follow-up appointments in physician based smoking cessation.
Prevent Med, 13 (1984), pp. 517-527
[10.]
C.A. Jiménez Ruiz, S. Solano, J.M. González de Vega, M. Ruiz Pardo, S. Flórez, A. Ramos, et al.
Normativa sobre el tratamiento del tabaquismo. Grupo de Trabajo del Área de Tabaquismo. Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica. SEPAR.
Arch Bronconeumol, 35 (1999), pp. 499-506
[11.]
J.R. Hughes, S.A. Miller.
Nicotine gum to help stop smoking.
JAMA, 252 (1984), pp. 2855-2858
[12.]
C.A. Jiménez Ruiz.
Terapia sustitutiva con nicotina.
Aspectos prácticos. Rev Clin Esp, 198 (1998), pp. 181-185
[13.]
K.O. Fagerström, N. Schneider.
Measuring nicotine dependence: a review of the Fagerström Tolerance Nicotine Questionaire.
J Behav Med, 12 (1989), pp. 159-182
[14.]
M.J. Jarvis, M.A.H. Russell, Y. Salojee.
Expired air carbon monoxide: a simple breath test of tobacco smoke intake.
BMJ, 281 (1980), pp. 484-485
[15.]
C.A. Jiménez Ruiz, J.M. González de Vega, C. Escudero, A. García, J. Roca, S. Solano, et al.
Manuales SEPAR: tabaquismo.
Grupo Aula Médica, (1995), pp. 58-63
[16.]
N. Herrera, R. Franco, L. Herrera, A. Partidas, R. Rolando, K.O. Fagerström.
A double-blind placebo-controlled trial within a behavior modification support program.
Chest, 108 (1995), pp. 447-451
[17.]
J.L. Tang, M. Law, N. Wald.
How effective is nicotine replacement therapy in helping people to stop smoking.
BMJ, 308 (1994), pp. 21-26
[18.]
N. Benowitz.
Summary: risk and benefits of nicotine.
Nicotine safety and toxicity., pp. 185-194
[19.]
R.P. Murray, W. Baibey, K. Daniels, W.M. Bjornson, K. Kurnov, J. Connet, et al.
Safety of nicotine polacrilex gum used by 3094 participants in the Lung Health Study.
Chest, 109 (1996), pp. 438-445
Copyright © 2000. Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica
Archivos de Bronconeumología
Article options
Tools

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?