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Vol. 46. Issue S2.
Gripe A (H1N1)
Pages 32-38 (March 2010)
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Vol. 46. Issue S2.
Gripe A (H1N1)
Pages 32-38 (March 2010)
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Problemática de la vacunación contra la gripe A en España
Issues in vaccination against influenza A in Spain
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10320
José M. Bayas Rodríguez
Corresponding author
jmbayas@clinic.ub.es

Autor para correspondencia.
, Alberto L. García-Basteiro, Guillermo Mena Pinilla
Centro de Vacunación de Adultos, Servicio de Medicina Preventiva y Epidemiología, UASP, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, España
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Resumen

El desarrollo de vacunas para poder dar respuesta a una nueva pandemia gripal se inició en el año 2004 ante la amenaza de una pandemia por gripe aviar A H5N1. Los posibles escenarios de pandemia contemplaban situaciones muy graves, con alta incidencia y mortalidad. Ante la necesidad de disponer en breve plazo del mayor número posible de vacunas se iniciaron estudios con vacunas “modelo”, que permitieron conocer la inmunogenicidad y la seguridad antes de saber con precisión qué virus causaría la pandemia. El empleo de adyuvantes formó parte también de estas estrategias. Posteriormente, se han realizado y se están realizando estudios adicionales con la cepa pandémica A H1N1.

Las estrategias de vacunación adoptadas no han sido de contención de la infección sino de mitigación de sus efectos. La elección de los grupos candidatos a la vacunación no se ha realizado de manera precipitada, se ha hecho tras valorar gran cantidad de información acerca de la epidemiología de la enfermedad y de las características de las vacunas disponibles. La población a vacunar es básicamente la misma en que se recomienda la vacunación de gripe estacional. En el contexto ético de primum non nocere, se ha hecho especial énfasis en la vacunación del personal sanitario.

Toda la información disponible avala la seguridad de los adyuvantes y conservantes empleados en algunas de las vacunas autorizadas y así lo ha manifestado la Organización Mundial de la Salud, entre otras muchas instituciones de prestigio.

Tras la administración de 65 millones de dosis en todo el mundo, los distintos sistemas de vigilancia de acontecimientos adversos no han hallado problemas diferentes a los observados con otras vacunas antigripales, ni diferentes a los esperables espontáneamente entre millones de personas.

Es preciso sacar enseñanzas de la evolución de la presente pandemia y de las estrategias para hacerle frente. Habrá otras pandemias.

Palabras clave:
Gripe pandémica
Gripe A (H1N1) 2009
Vacunación antigripal
Adyuvantes
Seguridad
Acontecimientos adversos
España
Abstract

Given the threat of an avian influenza A (H5N1) pandemic, vaccines that could be used in a new influenza pandemic began to be developed in 2004. The possible pandemic scenarios included highly serious situations with high incidence and mortality. Due to the need for the greatest possible number of vaccines to be available in a short period of time, studies with “model” vaccines were started, which allowed the immunogenicity and safety of the vaccines to be determined before identifying which virus would cause the pandemic. The use of adjuvants also formed part of these strategies. Subsequently, studies with the pandemic A (H1N1) strain were performed and additional studies continue to be performed.

The vaccination strategies adopted have not been aimed at containing the infection but rather at ameliorating its effects. The choice of candidate groups for vaccination was not made hastily but after evaluating a large body of information on the epidemiology of the disease and the characteristics of the available vaccines. The population to be vaccinated is basically the same as that recommended to undergo seasonal influenza vaccination. In the ethical context of primum non nocere special emphasis has been placed on the vaccination of health personnel.

All the available information supports the safety of the adjuvants and preservatives used in some of the authorized vaccines, as stated by the World Health Organization and many other prestigious organizations.

So far 65 million doses have been administered throughout the world and the various adverse events detected by surveillance systems have been similar to those observed with other influenza vaccines and those that could be expected among millions of persons.

Lessons must be drawn from the course of the present pandemic and the strategies used to deal with this situation as there will be other pandemics.

Keywords:
Pandemic influenza
Influenza A (H1N1) 2009
Influenza vaccination
Adjuvants
Safety
Adverse events
Spain
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