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Vol. 46. Issue S6.
II Foro Nacional de Neumólogos en Formación
Pages 22-26 (October 2010)
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Vol. 46. Issue S6.
II Foro Nacional de Neumólogos en Formación
Pages 22-26 (October 2010)
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Nuevos retos en la neumonía comunitaria
New challenges in community-acquired pneumonia
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Francisco Sanz Herreroa,
Corresponding author
Sanz_Fraher@Gva.Es

Autor para correspondencia.
, Nuria Marina Malandab, Beatriz Montull Veigac, María Pilar Sanjuán Lópezd
a Servicio de Neumología, Consorci Hospital General Universitari de Valencia, Valencia, España
b Servicio de Neumología, Hospital de Cruces, Bilbao, España
c Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, España
d Servicio de Neumología, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario, A Coruña, España
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Resumen

La neumonía comunitaria es una importante causa de morbimortalidad en la especie humana. La valoración de la gravedad de la neumonía es una herramienta fundamental para la asistencia de estos pacientes al permitir estratificarlos según el riesgo de muerte y poder proporcionar la intensidad de tratamiento más adecuada. Las escalas más utilizadas son el escala de PSI/Fine y CURB-65, fácilmente calculables en la práctica clínica y ampliamente validadas. Por otra parte, la adición de biomarcadores a dichas escalas ha demostrado aumentar su precisión la predicción de complicaciones y mortalidad.

El diagnóstico etiológico de la neumonía sigue constituyendo un reto para el clínico. Recientemente, y con la experiencia adquirida en la pandemia de gripe A H1/N1 en 2009, se han implementado el diagnóstico virológico de la neumonía por técnicas rápidas de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa así como la adquisición de experiencia con el tratamiento antiviral y las complicaciones, sobre todo la sobreinfección bacteriana como principal evento desfavorable en las neumonías virales.

Del mismo modo que el uso de la antibioterapia para el tratamiento de las infecciones cambió radicalmente el pronóstico y el tratamiento de éstas, progresivamente aparecen referencias en la bibliografía del efecto inmunomodulador de fármacos que no han estado inicialmente diseñados para el tratamiento de la neumonía, abriendo un horizonte esperanzador por el potencial papel modificador de la evolución en estos pacientes.

Palabras clave:
Escalas pronósticas
Virus respiratorios
Influenza
Proteína C reactiva
Procalcitonina
Corticoides
Estatinas
Macrólidos
Abstract

Community-acquired pneumonia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Severity assessment is a fundamental tool in the management of pneumonia that allows patients to be stratified according to risk of death and the most appropriate treatment intensity to be provided. The most widely used scales are the PSI/Fine and CURB-65 scales, which have been widely validated and are easy to calculate in clinical practice. Biomarkers can additionally be used to increase accuracy in predicting complications and mortality.

Etiologic diagnosis of pneumonia continues to pose a challenge to clinicians. With the experience acquired in the 2009 AH1/N1 influenza pandemic, virological diagnosis of pneumonia by rapid polymerase chain reaction techniques has recently begun to be used. Experience has also been gained in antiviral treatment and complications, especially bacterial superinfection as the main unfavorable event in viral pneumonias. Just as the use of antibiotics to treat infections radically changed their prognosis and treatment, reports in the literature have progressively began to appear of the immunomodulatory effect of drugs that were not initially designed for the treatment of pneumonia, leading to hope for the potential modification of outcome in these patients.

Keywords:
Prognostic scales
Respiratory viruses
Influenza
C-reactive protein
Procalcitonin
Corticosteroids
Statins
Macrolides
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Copyright © 2010. Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica
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