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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">COVID-19 pneumonia can result in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure &#40;hARF&#41; with the need of positive end-expiratory pressure &#40;PEEP&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The application of a continuous positive airway pressure &#40;CPAP&#41; through a helmet improves oxygenation and reduces the risk of intubation compared to oxygen therapy in patients with severe hARF due to pneumonia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a> The identification of the best PEEP for each individual COVID-19 patient undergoing helmet CPAP treatment is helpful to optimize lung recruitment and avoid complications related to over-distention&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> We designed a feasibility study to evaluate the physiological effect in terms of lung recruitability of the application of different PEEP values in patients with hARF due to COVID-19 pneumonia undergoing helmet CPAP&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Consecutive adults &#40;&#8805;18 years&#41; with hARF and with an indication for helmet CPAP treatment were enrolled in a pilot&#44; feasibility study conducted at the COVID-19 high-dependency unit &#40;HDU&#41; of the Policlinico Hospital in Milan&#44; Italy&#44; between 19th March and 16th April 2020&#46; Indications for helmet CPAP treatment included all the following&#58; a diagnosis of pneumonia as the only cause of hARF and a partial arterial pressure of oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen &#40;PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#58;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41; ratio &#60;300&#46; The presence of other causes of hARF were excluded through clinical evaluations&#46; Patients with at least one of the following criteria were excluded&#58; need for immediate intubation&#44; Glasgow Coma Scale &#60;15&#44; respiratory acidosis&#44; and systolic blood pressure &#40;SBP&#41; &#60;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg despite fluid resuscitation and&#47;or use of vasopressors&#44; swallowing disturbance with increasing risk of aspiration pneumonia&#44; and inability to protect the airway&#46; The Ethical Committees of the Policlinico hospital approved the study &#40;No&#46; 345&#95;2020&#41;&#46; All the patients underwent a standardized and non-invasive lung recruitability test &#40;LRT&#41; through the evaluation of vitals and blood gas analysis parameters every 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>minutes at different PEEP values &#40;0&#8211;baseline-&#44; 2&#46;5&#44; 5&#44; 7&#46;5&#44; 10&#44; 12&#46;5&#44; and 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#41;&#46; Flow in the CPAP circuit was at least 80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>L&#47;min for each value of PEEP and FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> delivered did not change during the trial&#46; The primary endpoint was the rate of success and partial success of the LRT&#46; Successful LTR was defined as the occurrence of all the following&#58; &#40;1&#41; A decrease of the alveolar-arterial gradient &#40;A-aO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41; of at least 20&#37; compared to baseline&#59; &#40;2&#41; Equal or reduced respiratory rate &#40;RR&#41; compared to baseline&#59; &#40;3&#41; Absence of hemodynamic instability&#59; &#40;4&#41; Equal or increase SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> values compared to baseline&#59; &#40;5&#41; Absence of patient&#39;s discomfort&#46; Partial success of LTR was defined by all the criteria mentioned above but decrease of A-aO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> less than 20&#37;&#46; Failure of LRT was defined as the occurrence of at least one of the following before reaching success criteria&#58; &#40;1&#41; An increase in RR compared to baseline&#59; &#40;2&#41; An increase of A-aO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> compared to baseline&#59; &#40;3&#41; hemodynamic instability&#59; &#40;4&#41; SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#60;90&#37;&#59; &#40;5&#41; Respiratory distress&#59; and &#40;6&#41; Patient&#39;s discomfort&#46; No specific computations were carried out&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the study period 87 patients were treated in COVID-19 HDU&#46; 61 &#40;71&#37;&#41; patients were treated with helmet CPAP&#44; 15 &#40;17&#37;&#41; patients with venturi mask oxygenation and 11 &#40;13&#37;&#41; patients with high flow nasal cannulae oxygenation&#46; Among the 34 patients &#91;71&#37; male&#59; median &#40;IQR&#41; age&#58; 63 &#40;50-72&#41; years&#93; enrolled&#44; the most prevalent comorbidities were systemic hypertension &#40;42&#37;&#41;&#44; dyslipidemia &#40;24&#37;&#41; and obesity &#40;18&#37;&#41;&#46; All patients had hARF due to COVID-19 pneumonia and underwent helmet CPAP with a median &#40;IQR&#41; PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#58;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> ratio of 177 &#40;144&#8211;242&#41; and A-aO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> of 146 &#40;121&#8211;234&#41;&#46; LRT was successful in 9 &#40;26&#46;5&#37;&#41; patients&#58; 1 at 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#44; 1 at 7&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#44; 5 at 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#44; and 1 at 12&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#46; Partial success of LRT occurred in 17 &#40;50&#37;&#41; patients&#58; 6 at 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#44; 4 at 7&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#44; 4 at 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#44; 1 at 12&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O and 2 at 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#46; LTR failed in 8 &#40;23&#46;5&#37;&#41; patients because of the occurrence of hemodynamic instability &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#44; 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<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;004&#41;&#46; In patients with a successful LTR the median &#40;IQR&#41; decrease of A-aO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> was 26&#37; &#40;22-35&#37;&#41;&#44; while in patients with a partial success LTR the median decrease of A-aO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> was 10&#37; &#40;8&#8211;13&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although well-tolerated&#44; only a small proportion of LRTs conducted in COVID-19 patients on helmet CPAP leads to a complete success&#44; while a decrease of the A-aO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> lead to a partially success in about half of patients&#46; Furthermore&#44; the median level of PEEP was highly variable among patients that fully or partially success&#46; The A-aO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> gradient was adopted as endpoint because of the COVID-19 pneumonia-related ARF&#46; A-aO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> gradient can better assess gas exchange dysfunction in comparison with PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#58;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> ratio being some of the patients hypocapnic&#46; Notably&#44; 14&#46;7&#37; of the tests failed because of hemodynamic instability&#46; Physicians should be aware of strict monitoring of blood pressure and cava collapse at ultrasound evaluation during LRT&#44; especially in case higher levels of PEEP are adopted&#46; This study has several limitations&#46; First&#44; it was designed as a purely physiologic study&#44; without assessment of the potential impact of tests on clinical outcomes&#46; Further randomized&#44; control trials are needed to evaluate the efficacy LTR on clinically meaningful outcomes such as intubation and mortality&#46; Second&#44; someone could speculate that a 30-minute length of duration of each PEEP application is relatively short to assess improvement in oxygenation as a consequence of a stable re-opening of atelectatic lung&#46; Furthermore&#44; the relatively low success rate might be mainly related to the complex pathophysiology of respiratory failure in COVID19 patients&#44; where diffuse alveolar damage and diffuse endothelial damage leading to pulmonary intravascular coagulopathy with evidence of disseminated micro-thrombosis&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; the identification of a positive physiological response to the application of PEEP during helmet CPAP treatment along with optimal levels of PEEP is of paramount importance among patients with hARF due to pneumonia in general and especially due to COVID-19&#46; Our feasibility study paves the way for future clinical studies looking at a possible impact of LRT during helmet CPAP on clinically meaningful outcomes of COVID-19 patients&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Funding</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public&#44; commercial&#44; or not-for-profit sectors&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Prof&#46; Aliberti reports grants and personal fees from Bayer Healthcare&#44; grants and personal fees from Aradigm Corporation&#44; grants and personal fees from Grifols&#44; personal fees from Astra Zeneca&#44; personal fees from Basilea&#44; personal fees from Zambon&#44; personal fees from Novartis&#44; personal fees from Raptor&#44; grants and personal fees from Chiesi&#44; personal fees from Actavis UK Ltd&#44; personal fees from Horizon&#44; grants and personal fees from INSMED&#44; outside the submitted work&#46; Prof&#46; Blasi reports grants and personal fees from astrazeneca&#44; grants from bayer&#44; grants and personal fees from chiesi&#44; grants and personal fees from gsk&#44; personal fees from guidotti&#44; personal fees from grifols&#44; grants and personal fees from insmed&#44; personal fees from menarini&#44; personal fees from mundipharma&#44; personal fees from novartis&#44; grants and personal fees from pfizer&#44; personal fees from zambon&#44; outside the submitted work&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Abbreviations&#58; COPD&#58; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease&#44; GERD&#58; gastro-esophageal reflux disease&#44; BT&#58; body temperature&#44; LRT&#58; lung recruitment test&#44; PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#58; partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide&#44; PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#58; partial pressure of arterial oxygen&#44; FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#58; fractional inspired oxygen&#44; A-aO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#58; alveolar&#8211;arterial gradient of oxygen&#44; CRP&#58; C-reactive protein&#44; Hb&#58; hemoglobin&#46;</p><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Footnotes&#58;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">55 &#40;45&#8211;68&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">70 &#40;53&#8211;79&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;203&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>COPD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;17&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;12&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;413&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>History of myocardial infarction&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;11&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;11&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;602&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Transient ischemic attack&#47;Stroke&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;11&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;12&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;758&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Systemic hypertension&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;44&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;35&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;50&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;764&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Diabetes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;22&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;17&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;386&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GERD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;11&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;12&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;552&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Dyslipidemia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;44&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;11&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;25&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;173&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Obesity&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;29&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;12&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;158&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Immunodeficiency&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;11&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;5&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;12&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;829&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Symptoms</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Fever &#40;BT<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;55&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;70&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;87&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;353&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Dyspnea&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;77&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#40;64&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;75&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;747&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cough&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;66&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;52&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;62&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;773&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Asthenia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;44&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;52&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;62&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;758&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Time from symptoms onset to LRT&#44; days&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;10&#8211;16&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">15 &#40;14&#8211;16&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">16 &#40;14&#8211;21&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;090&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Time from hospitalization to LRT&#44; days&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;0&#8211;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;4&#8211;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;1&#8211;11&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;080&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Radiology</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Normal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;11&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;239&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Consolidation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;11&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;23&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;25&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;712&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Interstitial&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;11&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;17&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;441&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Interstitial and consolidation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;66&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;58&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;75&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;725&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Vital parameters baseline</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Systolic Blood Pressure&#44; mmHg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">124 &#40;120&#8211;154&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">130 &#40;116&#8211;149&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">131 &#40;119&#8211;155&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;953&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Diastolic Blood Pressure&#44; mmHg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">72 &#40;65&#8211;78&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">75 &#40;66&#8211;77&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">69 &#40;65&#8211;79&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;922&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Heart rate&#44; bpm&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">72 &#40;71&#8211;93&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">72 &#40;63&#8211;91&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">83 &#40;80&#8211;88&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;585&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Respiratory rate&#44; bpm&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30 &#40;25&#8211;37&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">25 &#40;20&#8211;30&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">21 &#40;20&#8211;24&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;018<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">95 &#40;94&#8211;97&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">94 &#40;93&#8211;96&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">94 &#40;93&#8211;96&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;585&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Arterial-blood gas test</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pH&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;46 &#40;7&#46;38&#8211;7&#46;47&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;45 &#40;7&#46;44&#8211;7&#46;48&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;46 &#40;7&#46;43&#8211;7&#46;51&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;598&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#44; mmHg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">39 &#40;33&#8211;41&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">36 &#40;35&#8211;38&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">37 &#40;33&#8211;42&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;841&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#44; mmHg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">79 &#40;67&#8211;90&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">72 &#40;65&#8211;92&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">79 &#40;71&#8211;90&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;812&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#58;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> ratio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">176 &#40;165&#8211;250&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">176 &#40;141&#8211;228&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">218 &#40;145&#8211;261&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;811&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>A-aO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">161 &#40;124&#8211;205&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">146 &#40;129&#8211;245&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">121 &#40;105&#8211;225&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;344&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Lactate&#44; mmol&#47;l&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;9 &#40;0&#46;7&#8211;1&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;3 &#40;0&#46;7&#8211;1&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;1 &#40;0&#46;8&#8211;1&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;458&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">37 &#40;33&#8211;48&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">40 &#40;35&#8211;50&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">36 &#40;35&#8211;47&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;317&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Laboratory tests</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>CRP&#44; mg&#47;dL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;9 &#40;5&#46;8&#8211;20&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">10&#46;1 &#40;7&#46;6&#8211;15&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#46;5 &#40;10&#8211;21&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>White blood cells count&#44; 10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#47;L&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;48 &#40;5&#46;82&#8211;10&#46;07&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Lymphocytes&#44; 10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#47;L&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;901&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;49 &#40;4&#46;44&#8211;7&#46;55&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Platelets&#44; m&#47;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hb&#44; g&#47;dL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">12&#46;9 &#40;9&#46;3&#8211;13&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;11&#46;3&#8211;12&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hydroxychloroquine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">LRT Success vs&#46; LRT Partially Success <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;004&#59; LRT Success vs&#46; LRT Failure <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;673&#59; LRT partially Success vs&#46; LRT Failure <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;016&#46;</p> <p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0020">A <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value &#60;0&#46;05 was defined as statistically significant&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Baseline characteristics of the study population &#40;data are presented as n &#91;&#37;&#93; or medians &#91;IQR&#58; 25th&#8211;75th interquartile range&#93;&#41;&#46;</p>"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan&#44; China &#91;published correction appears in Lancet&#46; 2020 Jan 30&#93;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "C&#46; Huang"
                            1 => "Y&#46; Wang"
                            2 => "X&#46; Li"
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                            4 => "J&#46; Zhao"
                            5 => "Y&#46; Hu"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Lancet"
                        "fecha" => "2020"
                        "volumen" => "395"
                        "paginaInicial" => "497"
                        "paginaFinal" => "506"
                        "link" => array:1 [
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31986264"
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              "identificador" => "bib0030"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Helmet continuous positive airway pressure vs oxygen therapy to improve oxygenation in community-acquired pneumonia&#58; a randomized&#44; controlled trial"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "R&#46; Cosentini"
                            1 => "A&#46;M&#46; Brambilla"
                            2 => "S&#46; Aliberti"
                            3 => "A&#46; Bignamini"
                            4 => "S&#46; Nava"
                            5 => "A&#46; Maffei"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1378/chest.09-2290"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Chest"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "138"
                        "paginaInicial" => "114"
                        "paginaFinal" => "120"
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20154071"
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              "identificador" => "bib0035"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Helmet CPAP vs&#46; oxygen therapy in severe hypoxemic respiratory failure due to pneumonia &#91;published correction appears in Intensive Care Med&#46; 2014 Aug&#59;40&#40;8&#41;&#58;1187&#93;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "A&#46;M&#46; Brambilla"
                            1 => "S&#46; Aliberti"
                            2 => "E&#46; Prina"
                            3 => "F&#46; Nicoli"
                            4 => "M&#46; Del Forno"
                            5 => "S&#46; Nava"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s00134-014-3325-5"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Intensive Care Med"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "40"
                        "paginaInicial" => "942"
                        "paginaFinal" => "949"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24817030"
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              "etiqueta" => "4"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Positive end expiratory pressure in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure due to community acquired pneumonia&#58; do we need a personalized approach&#63;"
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Vol. 57. Issue S1.
Suplemento COVID-19
Pages 92-94 (January 2021)
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Vol. 57. Issue S1.
Suplemento COVID-19
Pages 92-94 (January 2021)
Scientific letter
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Lung Recruitability of COVID-19 Pneumonia in Patients Undergoing Helmet CPAP
Reclutamiento alveolar en la neumonía por COVID-19 de pacientes tratados con sistema helmet-CPAP
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Francesco Amatia,b, Stefano Alibertia,b,
Corresponding author
stefano.aliberti@unimi.it

Corresponding author.
, Sofia Misuracaa,b, Edoardo Simonettaa,b, Francesco Bindoa,b, Annalisa Vignia,b, Linda Bassia,b, Alessandra Mazzuccob,c, Andrea Carab,c, Francesco Blasia,b
a Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center, Milan, Italy
b Università degli Studi di Milano, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Milan, Italy
c Thoracic Surgery and Lung Transplant Unit, Fondazione Irccs Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the study population (data are presented as n [%] or medians [IQR: 25th–75th interquartile range]).
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Vol. 57. Issue S1

Suplemento COVID-19

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Dear Editor,

COVID-19 pneumonia can result in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (hARF) with the need of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP).1 The application of a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) through a helmet improves oxygenation and reduces the risk of intubation compared to oxygen therapy in patients with severe hARF due to pneumonia.2,3 The identification of the best PEEP for each individual COVID-19 patient undergoing helmet CPAP treatment is helpful to optimize lung recruitment and avoid complications related to over-distention.4 We designed a feasibility study to evaluate the physiological effect in terms of lung recruitability of the application of different PEEP values in patients with hARF due to COVID-19 pneumonia undergoing helmet CPAP.

Consecutive adults (≥18 years) with hARF and with an indication for helmet CPAP treatment were enrolled in a pilot, feasibility study conducted at the COVID-19 high-dependency unit (HDU) of the Policlinico Hospital in Milan, Italy, between 19th March and 16th April 2020. Indications for helmet CPAP treatment included all the following: a diagnosis of pneumonia as the only cause of hARF and a partial arterial pressure of oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO2:FiO2) ratio <300. The presence of other causes of hARF were excluded through clinical evaluations. Patients with at least one of the following criteria were excluded: need for immediate intubation, Glasgow Coma Scale <15, respiratory acidosis, and systolic blood pressure (SBP) <90mmHg despite fluid resuscitation and/or use of vasopressors, swallowing disturbance with increasing risk of aspiration pneumonia, and inability to protect the airway. The Ethical Committees of the Policlinico hospital approved the study (No. 345_2020). All the patients underwent a standardized and non-invasive lung recruitability test (LRT) through the evaluation of vitals and blood gas analysis parameters every 30minutes at different PEEP values (0–baseline-, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, and 15cmH2O). Flow in the CPAP circuit was at least 80L/min for each value of PEEP and FiO2 delivered did not change during the trial. The primary endpoint was the rate of success and partial success of the LRT. Successful LTR was defined as the occurrence of all the following: (1) A decrease of the alveolar-arterial gradient (A-aO2) of at least 20% compared to baseline; (2) Equal or reduced respiratory rate (RR) compared to baseline; (3) Absence of hemodynamic instability; (4) Equal or increase SpO2 values compared to baseline; (5) Absence of patient's discomfort. Partial success of LTR was defined by all the criteria mentioned above but decrease of A-aO2 less than 20%. Failure of LRT was defined as the occurrence of at least one of the following before reaching success criteria: (1) An increase in RR compared to baseline; (2) An increase of A-aO2 compared to baseline; (3) hemodynamic instability; (4) SpO2 <90%; (5) Respiratory distress; and (6) Patient's discomfort. No specific computations were carried out.

During the study period 87 patients were treated in COVID-19 HDU. 61 (71%) patients were treated with helmet CPAP, 15 (17%) patients with venturi mask oxygenation and 11 (13%) patients with high flow nasal cannulae oxygenation. Among the 34 patients [71% male; median (IQR) age: 63 (50-72) years] enrolled, the most prevalent comorbidities were systemic hypertension (42%), dyslipidemia (24%) and obesity (18%). All patients had hARF due to COVID-19 pneumonia and underwent helmet CPAP with a median (IQR) PaO2:FiO2 ratio of 177 (144–242) and A-aO2 of 146 (121–234). LRT was successful in 9 (26.5%) patients: 1 at 5cmH2O, 1 at 7.5cmH2O, 5 at 10cmH2O, and 1 at 12.5cmH2O. Partial success of LRT occurred in 17 (50%) patients: 6 at 5cmH2O, 4 at 7.5cmH2O, 4 at 10cmH2O, 1 at 12.5cmH2O and 2 at 15cmH2O. LTR failed in 8 (23.5%) patients because of the occurrence of hemodynamic instability (n=5, 14.7%), respiratory distress (n=1, 2.9%), and increase in RR (n=2, 5.9%). Baseline characteristics of the three groups are summarized in Table 1. There was a statistical significant difference in RR among the 3 groups (p=0.018), in particular patients with a successful LTR showed higher baseline RR compared to LRT failure patients (30 [25–37] versus 21 [20–24] breaths per minute, p=0.004). In patients with a successful LTR the median (IQR) decrease of A-aO2 was 26% (22-35%), while in patients with a partial success LTR the median decrease of A-aO2 was 10% (8–13%).

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of the study population (data are presented as n [%] or medians [IQR: 25th–75th interquartile range]).

  LRT success (n=9)  LRT partially success (n=17)  LRT failure (n=8)  p value 
Male  8 (88.9%)  11 (64.7%)  6 (62.5%)  0.370 
Age, years  55 (45–68)  65 (52–70)  70 (53–79)  0.203 
Comorbidities
COPD  3 (17.6%)  1 (12.5%)  0.413 
History of myocardial infarction  1 (11.1%)  2 (11.8%)  0.602 
Transient ischemic attack/Stroke  2 (22.2%)  2 (11.8%)  1 (12.5%)  0.758 
Systemic hypertension  4 (44.4%)  6 (35.3%)  4 (50%)  0.764 
Diabetes  2 (22.2%)  3 (17.6%)  0.386 
GERD  2 (11.8%)  1 (12.5%)  0.552 
Dyslipidemia  4 (44.4%)  2 (11.8%)  2 (25%)  0.173 
Obesity  5 (29.4%)  1 (12.5%)  0.158 
Immunodeficiency  1 (11.1%)  1 (5.9%)  1 (12.5%)  0.829 
Symptoms
Fever (BT>37°C)  5 (55.6%)  12 (70.6%)  7 (87.5%)  0.353 
Dyspnea  7 (77.8%)  11 (64.7%)  6 (75%)  0.747 
Cough  6 (66.7%)  9 (52.9%)  5 (62.5%)  0.773 
Asthenia  4 (44.4%)  9 (52.9%)  5 (62.5%)  0.758 
Time from symptoms onset to LRT, days  12 (10–16)  15 (14–16)  16 (14–21)  0.090 
Time from hospitalization to LRT, days  1 (0–6)  7 (4–9)  5 (1–11)  0.080 
Radiology
Normal  1 (11.1%)  0.239 
Consolidation  1 (11.1%)  4 (23.5%)  2 (25%)  0.712 
Interstitial  1 (11.1%)  3 (17.6%)  0.441 
Interstitial and consolidation  6 (66.7%)  10 (58.8%)  6 (75%)  0.725 
Vital parameters baseline
Systolic Blood Pressure, mmHg  124 (120–154)  130 (116–149)  131 (119–155)  0.953 
Diastolic Blood Pressure, mmHg  72 (65–78)  75 (66–77)  69 (65–79)  0.922 
Heart rate, bpm  72 (71–93)  72 (63–91)  83 (80–88)  0.585 
Respiratory rate, bpm  30 (25–37)  25 (20–30)  21 (20–24)  0.018* 
SpO2, %  95 (94–97)  94 (93–96)  94 (93–96)  0.585 
Arterial-blood gas test
pH  7.46 (7.38–7.47)  7.45 (7.44–7.48)  7.46 (7.43–7.51)  0.598 
PaCO2, mmHg  39 (33–41)  36 (35–38)  37 (33–42)  0.841 
PaO2, mmHg  79 (67–90)  72 (65–92)  79 (71–90)  0.812 
PaO2:FiO2 ratio  176 (165–250)  176 (141–228)  218 (145–261)  0.811 
A-aO2  161 (124–205)  146 (129–245)  121 (105–225)  0.344 
Lactate, mmol/l  0.9 (0.7–1.4)  1.3 (0.7–1.9)  1.1 (0.8–1.2)  0.458 
FiO2, %  37 (33–48)  40 (35–50)  36 (35–47)  0.317 
Laboratory tests
CRP, mg/dL  9.9 (5.8–20.4)  10.1 (7.6–15.4)  12.5 (10–21.5)  0.582 
White blood cells count, 109/L  6.48 (5.82–10.07)  4.63 (2.91–6.07)  7.01 (5.87–8.8)  0.013** 
Lymphocytes, 109/L  1.04 (0.59–1.31)  0.82 (0.62–1.35)  0.79 (0.73–1.06)  0.901 
Neutrophils, 109/L  4.9 (4.3–8.57)  3.67 (2.19–4.45)  5.49 (4.44–7.55)  0.007*** 
Platelets, m/mm3  211(186–348)  188 (131–289)  272 (234–308)  0.304 
Hb, g/dL  12.9 (9.3–13.5)  12 (10.6–12.8)  12 (11.3–12.7)  0.317 
Therapies
Antibiotic  6 (66.7%)  14 (82.4%)  5 (62.5%)  0.497 
Corticosteroid  4 (44.4%)  12 (70.6%)  2 (25%)  0.087 
Hydroxychloroquine  6 (66.7%)  15 (88.2%)  5 (62.5%)  0.265 

Abbreviations: COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, GERD: gastro-esophageal reflux disease, BT: body temperature, LRT: lung recruitment test, PaCO2: partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide, PaO2: partial pressure of arterial oxygen, FiO2: fractional inspired oxygen, A-aO2: alveolar–arterial gradient of oxygen, CRP: C-reactive protein, Hb: hemoglobin.

Footnotes:

*

LRT Success vs. LRT Partially Success p=0.107; LRT Success vs. LRT Failure p=0.004; LRT partially Success vs. LRT Failure p=0.124.

**

LRT Success vs. LRT Partially Success p=0.013; LRT Success vs. LRT Failure p=0.963; LRT partially Success vs. LRT Failure p=0.016.

***

LRT Success vs. LRT Partially Success p=0.004; LRT Success vs. LRT Failure p=0.673; LRT partially Success vs. LRT Failure p=0.016.

A p-value <0.05 was defined as statistically significant.

Although well-tolerated, only a small proportion of LRTs conducted in COVID-19 patients on helmet CPAP leads to a complete success, while a decrease of the A-aO2 lead to a partially success in about half of patients. Furthermore, the median level of PEEP was highly variable among patients that fully or partially success. The A-aO2 gradient was adopted as endpoint because of the COVID-19 pneumonia-related ARF. A-aO2 gradient can better assess gas exchange dysfunction in comparison with PaO2:FiO2 ratio being some of the patients hypocapnic. Notably, 14.7% of the tests failed because of hemodynamic instability. Physicians should be aware of strict monitoring of blood pressure and cava collapse at ultrasound evaluation during LRT, especially in case higher levels of PEEP are adopted. This study has several limitations. First, it was designed as a purely physiologic study, without assessment of the potential impact of tests on clinical outcomes. Further randomized, control trials are needed to evaluate the efficacy LTR on clinically meaningful outcomes such as intubation and mortality. Second, someone could speculate that a 30-minute length of duration of each PEEP application is relatively short to assess improvement in oxygenation as a consequence of a stable re-opening of atelectatic lung. Furthermore, the relatively low success rate might be mainly related to the complex pathophysiology of respiratory failure in COVID19 patients, where diffuse alveolar damage and diffuse endothelial damage leading to pulmonary intravascular coagulopathy with evidence of disseminated micro-thrombosis.

In conclusion, the identification of a positive physiological response to the application of PEEP during helmet CPAP treatment along with optimal levels of PEEP is of paramount importance among patients with hARF due to pneumonia in general and especially due to COVID-19. Our feasibility study paves the way for future clinical studies looking at a possible impact of LRT during helmet CPAP on clinically meaningful outcomes of COVID-19 patients.

Funding

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Conflict of interest

Prof. Aliberti reports grants and personal fees from Bayer Healthcare, grants and personal fees from Aradigm Corporation, grants and personal fees from Grifols, personal fees from Astra Zeneca, personal fees from Basilea, personal fees from Zambon, personal fees from Novartis, personal fees from Raptor, grants and personal fees from Chiesi, personal fees from Actavis UK Ltd, personal fees from Horizon, grants and personal fees from INSMED, outside the submitted work. Prof. Blasi reports grants and personal fees from astrazeneca, grants from bayer, grants and personal fees from chiesi, grants and personal fees from gsk, personal fees from guidotti, personal fees from grifols, grants and personal fees from insmed, personal fees from menarini, personal fees from mundipharma, personal fees from novartis, grants and personal fees from pfizer, personal fees from zambon, outside the submitted work.

Acknowledgments

We would like to acknowledge the support of all the respiratory fellows and consultants, nurses and respiratory physiotherapists of the COVID-19 high-dependency unit of the Policlinico Hospital in Milan.

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