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Vol. 46. Issue S10.
Nuevos enfoques en el tratamiento de la EPOC
Pages 8-13 (December 2010)
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Vol. 46. Issue S10.
Nuevos enfoques en el tratamiento de la EPOC
Pages 8-13 (December 2010)
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Limitaciones del tratamiento actual: necesidades no cubiertas en el tratamiento de la EPOC
Limitations of current treatment: unmet needs in the treatment of COPD
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Pilar de Lucas Ramos
Corresponding author
plucasr.hgugm@salud.madrid.org

Autor para correspondencia.
, Soledad López Martín, José Miguel Rodríguez González-Moro
Servicio de Neumología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, España
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Resumen

En las 2 últimas décadas se ha despertado un considerable interés en el tratamiento de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC), y se ha pasado de una situación de nihilismo terapéutico a otra mucho más proactiva, plasmada en la aparición de diferentes guías y recomendaciones de sociedades científicas. Podemos distinguir 3 peldaños fundamentales en el tratamiento: la prevención de la enfermedad, el tratamiento de sus síntomas, progresión y complicaciones, así como la recuperación de la función física de los pacientes mediante la rehabilitación respiratoria. En las 3 dimensiones se han producido considerables avances pero se detectan limitaciones y, por tanto, áreas de mejora. El tratamiento del tabaquismo es la mejor terapéutica para prevenir la enfermedad, pero, si bien se dispone de fármacos de moderada eficacia para la abstención puntual, no ocurre lo mismo a la hora de evitar recaídas. Además, razones de política sanitaria hacen que la mayoría de los pacientes con EPOC no accedan al tratamiento farmacológico del tabaquismo. En relación con el tratamiento de la enfermedad y sus complicaciones, éste se apoya en la utilización de broncodilatadores, capaces de mejorar síntomas, calidad de vida y, en mayor o menor medida, evitar exacerbaciones. Sin embargo, el tratamiento dirigido a las bases patogénicas de la enfermedad, que debería ser el tratamiento antiinflamatorio, continúa siendo una asignatura pendiente debido a los escasos resultados ofrecidos por los corticoides inhalados, que siempre deben utilizarse combinados con un broncodilatador. La aparición de nuevos antiinflamatorios, como el roflumilast, puede mejorar el manejo de los pacientes más graves y con repetidas exacerbaciones. Por último, aunque la rehabilitación respiratoria muestra una gran eficacia en la recuperación de la capacidad de ejercicio de los pacientes, son pocos los enfermos que pueden acceder a aquélla, y tal como ocurría con el tratamiento del tabaquismo, se detecta la necesidad de implementar su utilización a través de nuevos programas sencillos, eficaces y con apoyo de la administración sanitaria.

Palabras clave:
EPOC
Broncodilatadores
Antiinflamatorios
Rehabilitación
Tabaquismo
Abstract

In the last few years, considerable interest has been aroused in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and the dearth of therapeutic options has been replaced by a far more proactive treatment approach, reflected in the development of the various guidelines and recommendations of the scientific societies. There are three main steps in the treatment of COPD: prevention of the disease, treatment of its symptoms, progression and complications, and recovery of physical function through respiratory rehabilitation. Considerable advances have been produced in these three dimensions, but limitations have been detected, indicating areas for improvement. The most effective means to prevent the disease is smoking cessation. While there are moderately effective drugs to help individuals quit, no drugs are available to prevent relapses. Moreover, due to health policies, most patients with COPD do not receive drug treatment for smoking. The treatment of COPD and its complications is based on the use of bronchodilators, which improve symptoms and quality of life and, to a greater or lesser extent, prevent exacerbations. However, treatment aimed at the underlying pathogenic causes of the disease, which should be antiinflammatory treatment, remains an unresolved issue due to the discouraging results obtained with inhaled corticosteroids, which should always be used in combination with a bronchodilator. The development of new antiinflammatory agents, such as roflumilast, could improve the management of patients with the most severe disease and repeated exacerbations. Lastly, although respiratory rehabilitation is highly effective in helping patients recover their ability to exercise, few patients have access to this option. As with the treatment of smoking, there is a need to implement respiratory rehabilitation through simple and effective programs and with the support of the health administration.

Keywords:
COPD
Bronchodilators
Antiinflammatory agents
Rehabilitation
Smoking
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