Journal Information
Vol. 46. Issue 11.
Pages 587-593 (January 2010)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 46. Issue 11.
Pages 587-593 (January 2010)
Original Article
Full text access
Inflammatory Response of Rapid Onset Asthma Exacerbation
Respuesta inflamatoria de la exacerbación asmática de instauración rápida
Visits
6764
Jesús Bellido-Casadoa,
Corresponding author
jbellido@santpau.cat

Corresponding author.
, Vicente Plazaa, Miguel Perpiñáb, César Picadoc, Santiago Bardagíd, Cecilia Martínez-Brúe, Montserrat Torrejóna
a Departament de Pneumologia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
b Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain
c Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Clínic, Universidad de Barcelona, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERERS), Barcelona, Spain
d Servei de Pneumologia, Hospital de Mataró, Barcelona, Spain
e Servei de Bioquímica, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autonòma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
This item has received
Article information
Abstract

The association between onset of asthma exacerbations and inflammatory response has not been sufficiently studied.

Objective

To determine the inflammatory mechanisms of rapid onset (RO) asthma exacerbations.

Method

We designed a prospective, multicentre study that included 34 patients from accident and emergency departments who suffered from asthma exacerbations. They were distributed into three groups, depending on the asthma onset speed: fast (<24 h), intermediate (25–144 h) and slow (>145 h). Clinical data was collected from sputum, blood and urine samples when first treated and after 24h, so as to determine the inflammatory cell counts and soluble markers.

Results

The asthmatics who suffered a RO exacerbation showed higher elastase [1.028 (1.140); 310 (364); 401 (390) ng/ml] (P<.05) and albumin [46.2 (4.3); 42 (3.4); 39.9 (4.8 g/l)] (P<.05) concentrations in the blood sample. Neutrophils, eosinophils (blood or sputum), eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) (blood), interleukin 8 (IL8) (blood) and leukotriene E4 (LTE4) (urine) were high in the three groups (P>.05). An association was shown between the onset of exacerbation and the severity of obstruction (FEV1) (r=−0.360; P=.037), eosinophils in sputum (r=−0.399; P=.029), albumin (r=−0.442; P=.013), and IL8 in sputum (r=0.357; P=.038).

Conclusions

The results suggest early activation of neutrophilic and eosinophilic responses in asthma exacerbations. However, bronchial swelling may play an important role in the initial inflammatory response in the exacerbations depending on the speed of the onset.

Keywords:
Severe asthma exacerbation
Inflammation
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
Swelling
Resumen

No se ha estudiado suficientemente la asociación entre la rapidez de instauración de la crisis de asma y la respuesta inflamatoria desencadenada.

Objetivo

Determinar los mecanismos inflamatorios que caracterizan la exacerbación asmática de instauración rápida.

Método

Se diseñó un estudio prospectivo y multicéntrico en los servicios de urgencias hospitalarias, que evaluó a 34 pacientes que se distribuyeron en tres grupos en función de las horas de instauración de la exacerbación asmática: (menos de 24 h), instauración intermedia (25–144 h), e instauración lenta (145 o más horas). Se recogieron datos clínicos, de esputo, sangre y orina en el momento de la primera atención y pasadas 24 h, determinándose celularidad inflamatoria y marcadores solubles.

Resultados

Los pacientes con exacerbación rápida presentaron una significativa mayor concentración de elastasa (1.028 ± 1.140; 310 ± 364; 401 ± 390 ng/ml) y albúmina (46,2 ± 4,3; 42 ± 3,4; 39,9 ± 4,8 g/l) en sangre. El número de neutrófilos, eosinófilos (tanto en sangre como en esputo), los niveles de proteína catiónica del eosinófilo (PCE) (sangre), interleuquina 8 (IL8) (sangre) y leucotrieno E4 (LTE4) (orina) estaban elevados en los tres grupos (p > 0,05). Se constataron asociaciones lineales entre el tiempo de instauración de la exacerbación y la intensidad de la obstrucción (FEV1) (r = −0,360; p = 0,037), los eosinófilos en esputo (r = −0,399; p = 0,029), la albúmina (r = −0,442; p = 0,013); y con la IL8 (r = 0,357; p = 0,038).

Conclusiones

Los resultados sugieren una activación precoz de la respuesta neutrofílica y eosinofílica en la exacerbación asmática. No obstante, es posible que el edema bronquial juegue un papel importante en la respuesta inicial inflamatoria de las exacerbaciones dependiendo del tiempo de instauración.

Palabras clave:
Exacerbación grave de asma
Inflamación
Eosinófilos
Neutrófilos
Edema
Full text is only aviable in PDF
References
[1.]
J.V. Fahy, K.W. Kim, J. Liu, H.A. Boushey.
Prominent neutrophil icinflammation in sputum from subjects with asthma exacerbation.
J Allergy Clin Immunol, 95 (1995), pp. 843-852
[2.]
C. Lemière, P. Ernst, R. Olivenstein, Y. Yamanuchi, K. Govindaraju, M.S. Ludwig, et al.
Airway inflammation assessed by invasive and non-invasive means in severe asthma: eosinophilic and noneosinophilic phenotypes.
J Allergy Clin Immunol, 118 (2006), pp. 1033-1039
[3.]
C. Lamblin, P. Gosset, I. Tillie-Leblond, F. Saulnier, C.H. Marquette, B. Wallaert, et al.
Bronchial neutrophilia in patients with Noninfectious status asthma-ticus.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 157 (1998), pp. 394-402
[4.]
S. Sur, T.B. Crotty, G.M. Kephart, B.A. Hyma, T.V. Colby, C.E. Reed, et al.
Sudden-onset fatal asthma: a distinct entity with few eosinophils and relatively more neutrophils in the airway submucosa?.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 148 (1993), pp. 713-719
[5.]
V. Plaza, J. Serrano, C. Picado, J. Sanchis.
On behalf of the High Risk Asthma Research Group. Rapid-Onset Fatal and Near-fatal Asthma. Frequency, Clinical Characteristics and Course.
Eur Respir J, 19 (2002), pp. 846-852
[6.]
J.B. Wasserfallen, M.D. Schaller, F. Feihl, C.H. Perret.
Sudden asphyxic asthma: a distinctentity?.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 142 (1990), pp. 108-111
[7.]
F.E. Hargreave, P. Nair.
The definition and diagnosis of asthma.
Clin Exp Allergy 2009, 39 (2009), pp. 1652-1658
[8.]
The ENFUMOSA Study Group.
The ENFUMOSA cross-sectional European multicentre study of the clinical phenotype of chronic severe asthma.
Eur Respir J, 22 (2003), pp. 470-477
[9.]
P. Macedo, M. Hew, A. Torrego, S. Jouneau, T. Oates, A.,et al Dirham.
Inflammatory biomarkers in airways of patient swith severe asthma compared with non-severe asthma.
Clin Exp Allergy, 39 (2009), pp. 1668-1676
[10.]
M. Berry, A. Morgan, D.E. Shaw, D. Parker, R. Green, C. Brightling, et al.
Pathological features and inhaled corticosteroid response of eosinophilic and non-eosinophilic asthma.
Thorax, 62 (2007), pp. 1043-1049
[11.]
S. Saha, M.A. Berry, D. Parker, S. Siddiqui, A. Morgan, R. May, et al.
Increased sputum and bronchial biopsy IL-13 expression in severe asthma.
J Allergy Clin Immunol, 121 (2008), pp. 685-691
[12.]
Bellido-Casado J, Plaza V, Belda J, Martínez-Brú C, Torrejón M, Sanchos J. Swelling of the bronchial mucose and quickness of onset in acute asthma. Med Clin (Barc);127:451-3.
[13.]
I. Tillie-Leblond, P. Gosse t, A.B. Tonel.
Inflammatory events in severe acute asthma.
[14.]
V. Plaza Moral, F.J. Álvarez Gutiérrez, P. Casan Clar _a, N. Cobos Barroso, A. López Viña, M.A. Llauger Rosselló, et al.
encalidad de Comité Ejecutivo de la GEMA y en representación del grupo de redactores Guía Española para el Manejo del Asma (GEMA).
Arch Bronconeumol, 39 (2003), pp. 1-42
[15.]
E. Pizzichini, M.M. Pizzichini, A. Efthimiadis, S. Evans, M.M. Morris, D. Squillace, et al.
Indices of airway in flammation in induced sputum: reproducibility and validity of cell and fluid-phase measurements.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 154 (1996), pp. 308-317
[16.]
J.A. Barberá, J. Giner, P. Casan, F. Burgos.
Gasometría arterial. In: Procedimientos de evaluación de la Función Pulmonar. Manual SEPAR de procedimientos.
Ed SEPAR, (2002),
[17.]
M.Z. Norzila, K. Fakes, R.L. Hernry, J. Simpson, P.G. Gibson.
Interleukin-8 secretion and neutrophil recruitment accompanies induced sputum eosinophil activation in children with acute asthma.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 161 (2000), pp. 769-774
[18.]
L. D'Silva, C.J. Allen, F.E. Hargreave, K. Parameswaran.
Sputum neutrophilia can mask eosinophilic bronchitis during exacerbations.
Can Respir J, 14 (2007), pp. 281-284
[19.]
L. D'Silva, R.J. Cook, C.J. Allen, F.E. Hargreave, K. Parameswaran.
Changing pattern of sputum cell counts during successive exacerbations of airway disease.
Respir Med, 101 (2007), pp. 2217-2220
[20.]
P.G. Gibson, M.Z. Norzila, K. Fakes, J. Simpson, R.L. Henry.
Pattern of airway inflammation and its determinants in children with acute severe asthma.
Pediatr Pulmonol, 28 (1999), pp. 261-270
[21.]
Y.H. Khor, A.K.Y. Teoh, S.M. Lam, D.C.Q. Mo, S. Weston, D.W. Reid, et al.
Increased vascular permeability precedes cellular inflammation as asthma control deteriorates.
Clin Exp Allergy, 39 (2009), pp. 1659-1667
[22.]
M. Lampinen, M. Carlson, L.D. Hakansson, P. Venge.
Cytokine-regulated accumulation of eosinophils in inflammatory disease.
[23.]
Y. Hiraguchi, M. Nagao, K. Hosoki, R. Tokuda, T. Fujisawa.
Neutrophil proteases activate eosinophil function in vitro.
Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 146 (2008), pp. 16-21
[24.]
K. Gorska, R. Krenke, J. Domagala-Kulawik, P. Korczynski, P. Nejman-Gryz, J. Kosciuch, et al.
Comparison of cellular and biochemical markers or airway inflammation inpatients with mild-to-moderate asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an induced sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid study.
J Physiol Pharmacol, 59 (2008), pp. 271-283
[25.]
J.Y. Zhang, S.E. Wenzel.
Tissue and BAL based biomarkers in asthma.
Immunol Allergy Clin NAm, 27 (2007), pp. 623-632
[26.]
G.C.-H. Koh, L.P.-C. Shek, D.Y.-T. Goh, H. Van Bever, D.S.-Q. Koh.
Eosinophil cationic protein: is it useful in asthma? A systematic review.
Respir Med, 101 (2007), pp. 696-705
[27.]
N. Rabinovitch.
Urinary leukotriene.
Immunol Allergy Clin NAm, 27 (2007), pp. 651-664
[28.]
M. Romagnoli, I. Vachier, P. Tarodo de la Fuente, H. Meziane, C. Chavis, J. Bousquet, et al.
Eosinophilic inflammation in sputum of poorly controlled asthmatics.
Eur Respir J, 20 (2002), pp. 1370-1377
[29.]
J. Shannon, P. Ernst, Y. Yamanuchi, R. Olivenstein, C. Lemiere, S. Foley, et al.
Differences in airway cytokine profile in severe asthma compared to moderate asthma.
Chest, 133 (2008), pp. 420-426
[30.]
J.D. Spahn.
Asthma biomarkers in sputum.
Immunol Allergy Clin NAm, 27 (2007), pp. 607-622
[31.]
M.L. Bartola, A. Di Franco, B. Vagaggini, E. Bacci, S. Cianchetti, F.L. Dente, et al.
Biological markers in induced sputum of patients with different phenotypes of chronic airway obstruction.
Respiration, 77 (2009), pp. 265-272
[32.]
M. Silvestre, M. Bontempelli, M. Giacomelli, M. Maleaba, G.A. Rossi, A. Di Stefano, et al.
High serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-a andinterlekin-8 in severe asthma: markers of systemic inflammation?.
Clin Exp Allergy, 36 (2006), pp. 1373-1381
[33.]
M. Tsoumakidou, E. Papadopouli, N. Tzanakis, N. Siafakas.
Airway inflammation and cellular stress in noneosinophilic atopic asthma.
Chest, 129 (2006), pp. 1194-1202
[34.]
F.L. Dente, S. Carnevali, M.L. Bartola, S. Cianchetti, E. Bacci, A. Di Franco, et al.
Profiles of proinflammatory cytokines in sputum from different groups of severe asthmatic patients.
Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 97 (2006), pp. 312-320
[35.]
Y. Higashimoto, Y. Yamagata, S. Taya, T. Iwata, M. Okada, T. Ishiguchi, et al.
Systemic inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma: similarities and differences.
Respirology, 13 (2008), pp. 128-133
[36.]
N. Rabinovitch.
Urine leukotriene E4 levels are associated with decreased pulmonary function In children with persistent airway obstruction.
J Allergy Clin Immunol, 118 (2006), pp. 635-640
[37.]
E. Papadopouli, N. Tzanakis, M. Tsoumakidou, D. Kyriakoy, M. Plataki, E.C. Mantzouranis, et al.
Comparison of induced sputum inflammatory profiles between childhood and adult-onset asthma.
Respir Med, 100 (2006), pp. 1442-1450
[38.]
St-Laurent, C. Bergeron, N. Pagé, C. Couture, M. Laviolette, L.P. Boulet.
Influence of smoking on airway inflammation and remodelling in asthma.
Clin Exp Allergy, 38 (2008), pp. 1582-1589
[39.]
D.M. Claman, H.A. Boushey, J. Liu, H. Wong, J.V. Fahy.
Analysis of induced sputum to examine the effects of prednisone on airway inflammation in asthmatic subjects.
J Allergy Clin Immunol, 94 (1994), pp. 861-869
[40.]
V.M. Keatings, A. Jatakanon, Y.M. Worsdell, P.J. Barnes.
Effects of inhaled and oral glucocorticoids on inflammatory indices in asthma and COPD.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 155 (1997), pp. 542-548
[41.]
G.W. Chalmers, K.J. MacLeod, L. Thomson, S.A. Little, C. McSharry, N.C. Thomson.
Smoking and airway inflammation in patients with mild asthma.
Chest, 120 (2001), pp. 1917-1922

Study is part of the SEPAR integrated program of research. It was funded in part by Beca SEPAR 2003 and by Fundació TV3 Marató 2005.

Copyright © 2010. Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica
Archivos de Bronconeumología
Article options
Tools

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?