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Vol. 46. Issue 11.
Pages 587-593 (January 2010)
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Vol. 46. Issue 11.
Pages 587-593 (January 2010)
Original Article
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Inflammatory Response of Rapid Onset Asthma Exacerbation
Respuesta inflamatoria de la exacerbación asmática de instauración rápida
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Jesús Bellido-Casadoa,
Corresponding author
jbellido@santpau.cat

Corresponding author.
, Vicente Plazaa, Miguel Perpiñáb, César Picadoc, Santiago Bardagíd, Cecilia Martínez-Brúe, Montserrat Torrejóna
a Departament de Pneumologia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
b Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain
c Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Clínic, Universidad de Barcelona, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERERS), Barcelona, Spain
d Servei de Pneumologia, Hospital de Mataró, Barcelona, Spain
e Servei de Bioquímica, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autonòma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract

The association between onset of asthma exacerbations and inflammatory response has not been sufficiently studied.

Objective

To determine the inflammatory mechanisms of rapid onset (RO) asthma exacerbations.

Method

We designed a prospective, multicentre study that included 34 patients from accident and emergency departments who suffered from asthma exacerbations. They were distributed into three groups, depending on the asthma onset speed: fast (<24 h), intermediate (25–144 h) and slow (>145 h). Clinical data was collected from sputum, blood and urine samples when first treated and after 24h, so as to determine the inflammatory cell counts and soluble markers.

Results

The asthmatics who suffered a RO exacerbation showed higher elastase [1.028 (1.140); 310 (364); 401 (390) ng/ml] (P<.05) and albumin [46.2 (4.3); 42 (3.4); 39.9 (4.8 g/l)] (P<.05) concentrations in the blood sample. Neutrophils, eosinophils (blood or sputum), eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) (blood), interleukin 8 (IL8) (blood) and leukotriene E4 (LTE4) (urine) were high in the three groups (P>.05). An association was shown between the onset of exacerbation and the severity of obstruction (FEV1) (r=−0.360; P=.037), eosinophils in sputum (r=−0.399; P=.029), albumin (r=−0.442; P=.013), and IL8 in sputum (r=0.357; P=.038).

Conclusions

The results suggest early activation of neutrophilic and eosinophilic responses in asthma exacerbations. However, bronchial swelling may play an important role in the initial inflammatory response in the exacerbations depending on the speed of the onset.

Keywords:
Severe asthma exacerbation
Inflammation
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
Swelling
Resumen

No se ha estudiado suficientemente la asociación entre la rapidez de instauración de la crisis de asma y la respuesta inflamatoria desencadenada.

Objetivo

Determinar los mecanismos inflamatorios que caracterizan la exacerbación asmática de instauración rápida.

Método

Se diseñó un estudio prospectivo y multicéntrico en los servicios de urgencias hospitalarias, que evaluó a 34 pacientes que se distribuyeron en tres grupos en función de las horas de instauración de la exacerbación asmática: (menos de 24 h), instauración intermedia (25–144 h), e instauración lenta (145 o más horas). Se recogieron datos clínicos, de esputo, sangre y orina en el momento de la primera atención y pasadas 24 h, determinándose celularidad inflamatoria y marcadores solubles.

Resultados

Los pacientes con exacerbación rápida presentaron una significativa mayor concentración de elastasa (1.028 ± 1.140; 310 ± 364; 401 ± 390 ng/ml) y albúmina (46,2 ± 4,3; 42 ± 3,4; 39,9 ± 4,8 g/l) en sangre. El número de neutrófilos, eosinófilos (tanto en sangre como en esputo), los niveles de proteína catiónica del eosinófilo (PCE) (sangre), interleuquina 8 (IL8) (sangre) y leucotrieno E4 (LTE4) (orina) estaban elevados en los tres grupos (p > 0,05). Se constataron asociaciones lineales entre el tiempo de instauración de la exacerbación y la intensidad de la obstrucción (FEV1) (r = −0,360; p = 0,037), los eosinófilos en esputo (r = −0,399; p = 0,029), la albúmina (r = −0,442; p = 0,013); y con la IL8 (r = 0,357; p = 0,038).

Conclusiones

Los resultados sugieren una activación precoz de la respuesta neutrofílica y eosinofílica en la exacerbación asmática. No obstante, es posible que el edema bronquial juegue un papel importante en la respuesta inicial inflamatoria de las exacerbaciones dependiendo del tiempo de instauración.

Palabras clave:
Exacerbación grave de asma
Inflamación
Eosinófilos
Neutrófilos
Edema
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Study is part of the SEPAR integrated program of research. It was funded in part by Beca SEPAR 2003 and by Fundació TV3 Marató 2005.

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