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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Multiple myeloma is the second most common cancer of the blood&#46; Despite significant advances in treatment&#44; it is considered an incurable disease&#44; response to treatment is limited in duration&#44; and the clinical course is generally relapsing&#46; The combination of lenalidomide and dexamethasone is the therapeutic regimen of choice in relapse&#46; Few cases of long-term lung toxicity presenting as organizing pneumonia in patients receiving this treatment have been reported in the literature&#46; We report the case of a patient with a diagnosis of multiple myeloma&#44; receiving lenalidomide&#44; who developed dyspnea and pulmonary infiltrates&#46; This is the first description of lenalidomide-induced lung toxicity in Spain&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This was a 64-year-old man&#44; former smoker&#44; who was diagnosed with IgA kappa multiple myeloma in 2012&#46; He initially received 6 cycles of bendamustine&#44; Velcade<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> and prednisone&#44; in addition to autologous stem cell transplantation&#46; In 2014&#44; he relapsed&#44; and began second-line treatment with monthly lenalidomide and dexamethasone&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 2015&#44; he was admitted on 3 occasions with a diagnosis of pneumonia&#44; treated with empirical antibiotics and short-term tapering corticosteroids&#46; At the time of the last admission&#44; he presented with a clinical picture of dyspnea&#44; low-grade fever&#44; and cough&#46; The patient was admitted to the ward with a diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia&#59; PCR for influenza A and B&#44; and antigens in blood for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Legionella</span> and pneumococcus were negative&#46; Empirical treatment was started with levofloxacin&#44; corticosteroids&#44; and oxygen therapy&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Seven days after admission&#44; coinciding with discontinuation of steroid treatment&#44; the patient&#39;s clinical situation worsened&#44; and he developed severe respiratory failure&#44; and bilateral pulmonary infiltrates on chest radiograph&#44; so a high-resolution CT &#40;HRCT&#41; was performed&#44; showing extensive bilateral&#44; diffuse&#44; ground glass involvement&#44; with patchy septal thickening and dilated bronchi &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fiberoptic bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage &#40;BAL&#41; was performed&#44; showing predominantly lymphocytic cellularity &#40;with a CD4&#47;CD8 ratio &#60;0&#46;9&#41;&#44; and increased percentages of neutrophils and eosinophils&#46; Microbiological cultures were negative&#46; Transbronchial biopsy was not performed&#44; given the worsening respiratory failure observed during the test&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In view of these findings&#44; the patient&#39;s clinical records were reviewed&#44; showing previous episodes of pneumonia and administration of chemotherapy&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The relationship between treatment administration and onset of symptoms&#44; HRCT findings and BAL results&#44; as well as the improvement in symptoms after reintroduction of corticosteroids&#44; led us to a diagnosis of lenalidomide-induced interstitial lung disease&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lenalidomide is a less toxic and more potent immunomodulatory agent than thalidomide&#46; It is indicated in the treatment of multiple myeloma relapses in combination with dexamethasone&#44; and in other hematological diseases&#46; Only 7 cases of lenalidomide-induced lung toxicity have been described in the literature&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;4</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mechanism of action of the drug is based on inhibition of prostaglandin E &#40;PGE2&#41;&#46; If PGE2 synthesis of the fibroblasts is affected in the lung&#44; leukotriene mitogen activity is activated&#44; triggering fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis&#44; leading to interstitial lung disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another pathway that may cause lung disease may be an immunological response similar to that which occurs in patients with hypersensitivity pneumonitis&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to Zagouri et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> the onset of symptoms occurs 3&#8211;5 months after starting treatment&#46; In our patient&#44; symptoms began to appear 1 year after the first dose of lenalidomide&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The treatment of choice is to discontinue the drug&#46; The development of severe respiratory failure in our patient required the long-term use of corticosteroids&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; while lenalidomide-induced lung toxicity is a rare adverse effect&#44; it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients receiving this drug who show symptoms of interstitial disease&#44; after other alternative causes of lung disease have been ruled out&#46;</p></span>"
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Scientific Letter
Lung Toxicity after Lenalidomide Treatment in a Patient with Multiple Myeloma
Toxicidad pulmonar después del tratamiento con lenalidomida en un paciente con mieloma múltiple
Eva Cabrera Césara,b,
Corresponding author
evacabreracesar@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, M. Carmen Fernández Aguirrea, Antonio González Fernándezb
a Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
b Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Multiple myeloma is the second most common cancer of the blood&#46; Despite significant advances in treatment&#44; it is considered an incurable disease&#44; response to treatment is limited in duration&#44; and the clinical course is generally relapsing&#46; The combination of lenalidomide and dexamethasone is the therapeutic regimen of choice in relapse&#46; Few cases of long-term lung toxicity presenting as organizing pneumonia in patients receiving this treatment have been reported in the literature&#46; We report the case of a patient with a diagnosis of multiple myeloma&#44; receiving lenalidomide&#44; who developed dyspnea and pulmonary infiltrates&#46; This is the first description of lenalidomide-induced lung toxicity in Spain&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This was a 64-year-old man&#44; former smoker&#44; who was diagnosed with IgA kappa multiple myeloma in 2012&#46; He initially received 6 cycles of bendamustine&#44; Velcade<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> and prednisone&#44; in addition to autologous stem cell transplantation&#46; In 2014&#44; he relapsed&#44; and began second-line treatment with monthly lenalidomide and dexamethasone&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 2015&#44; he was admitted on 3 occasions with a diagnosis of pneumonia&#44; treated with empirical antibiotics and short-term tapering corticosteroids&#46; At the time of the last admission&#44; he presented with a clinical picture of dyspnea&#44; low-grade fever&#44; and cough&#46; The patient was admitted to the ward with a diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia&#59; PCR for influenza A and B&#44; and antigens in blood for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Legionella</span> and pneumococcus were negative&#46; Empirical treatment was started with levofloxacin&#44; corticosteroids&#44; and oxygen therapy&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Seven days after admission&#44; coinciding with discontinuation of steroid treatment&#44; the patient&#39;s clinical situation worsened&#44; and he developed severe respiratory failure&#44; and bilateral pulmonary infiltrates on chest radiograph&#44; so a high-resolution CT &#40;HRCT&#41; was performed&#44; showing extensive bilateral&#44; diffuse&#44; ground glass involvement&#44; with patchy septal thickening and dilated bronchi &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fiberoptic bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage &#40;BAL&#41; was performed&#44; showing predominantly lymphocytic cellularity &#40;with a CD4&#47;CD8 ratio &#60;0&#46;9&#41;&#44; and increased percentages of neutrophils and eosinophils&#46; Microbiological cultures were negative&#46; Transbronchial biopsy was not performed&#44; given the worsening respiratory failure observed during the test&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In view of these findings&#44; the patient&#39;s clinical records were reviewed&#44; showing previous episodes of pneumonia and administration of chemotherapy&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The relationship between treatment administration and onset of symptoms&#44; HRCT findings and BAL results&#44; as well as the improvement in symptoms after reintroduction of corticosteroids&#44; led us to a diagnosis of lenalidomide-induced interstitial lung disease&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lenalidomide is a less toxic and more potent immunomodulatory agent than thalidomide&#46; It is indicated in the treatment of multiple myeloma relapses in combination with dexamethasone&#44; and in other hematological diseases&#46; Only 7 cases of lenalidomide-induced lung toxicity have been described in the literature&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;4</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mechanism of action of the drug is based on inhibition of prostaglandin E &#40;PGE2&#41;&#46; If PGE2 synthesis of the fibroblasts is affected in the lung&#44; leukotriene mitogen activity is activated&#44; triggering fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis&#44; leading to interstitial lung disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another pathway that may cause lung disease may be an immunological response similar to that which occurs in patients with hypersensitivity pneumonitis&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to Zagouri et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> the onset of symptoms occurs 3&#8211;5 months after starting treatment&#46; In our patient&#44; symptoms began to appear 1 year after the first dose of lenalidomide&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The treatment of choice is to discontinue the drug&#46; The development of severe respiratory failure in our patient required the long-term use of corticosteroids&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; while lenalidomide-induced lung toxicity is a rare adverse effect&#44; it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients receiving this drug who show symptoms of interstitial disease&#44; after other alternative causes of lung disease have been ruled out&#46;</p></span>"
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Article information
ISSN: 15792129
Original language: English
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