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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nobody would deny nowadays that sleep apnea&#8211;hypopnea syndrome &#40;SAHS&#41; is a public health problem&#46; Indeed&#44; it meets all the required criteria&#58; it is a highly prevalent disease&#44; diagnosis is definitive&#44; and treatment is effective&#46; Moreover&#44; it has a heavy impact on quality of life and causes an increased accident rate among sufferers&#46; A great deal of research has been carried out in recent years&#44; much of it by the Spanish Sleep Network&#44; to document its possible association with cardiovascular risk<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> and poor progress in cancer&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Addressing this problem requires participation and commitment from players at both healthcare and non-healthcare levels&#44; yet sleep itself seems to have been forgotten by the health and welfare community&#46; We should be as concerned about getting a good night&#39;s sleep as we are about following a healthy diet and doing exercise&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For many years now&#44; the diagnostic and therapeutic needs of this disease have created organizational problems in a wide range of healthcare departments that at times seem insurmountable&#46; To this is added the considerable problem of managing the resources needed to tackle SAHS&#46; Despite the major organizational and educational efforts of recent years&#44; most centers continue to struggle with the same old problems&#44; to wit&#44; interminable waiting lists and pressures from all sides regarding the management of home respiratory therapy&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To address the problem of SAHS&#44; we must act on the 3 main underlying issues&#58; the specific care model&#44; the particular characteristics of its diagnosis&#44; and the intricacies of its treatment&#46;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1&#46;</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When discussing the &#8220;care model&#8221;&#44; we must not forget that the SAHS patient will also present multiple concurrent diseases requiring simultaneous management&#46; These often overlap with other very common sleep disorders and with other comorbidities&#44; all of which need attention&#46; There is little use&#44; then&#44; for a conventional management model in which processes are managed linearly from start to finish by a single specialist unit in a single&#44; generally hospital&#44; setting&#46; The various diagnoses presented by the SAHS patient must be viewed globally&#44; and patient care must be integrated and comprehensive&#46; Management of the SAHS patient must also extend beyond the walls of the hospital into the primary care center&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> and even into the patient&#39;s home&#46; If these proposals are to be realized&#44; all healthcare levels &#40;administration&#44; hospital&#44; health center&#44; home&#41; and all professionals &#40;managers&#44; physicians&#44; nurses&#44; technicians&#41; must be involved in the process&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Taking into account these special characteristics&#44; it seems that patient care would be better managed with the deployment of a &#8220;healthcare network&#8221; model&#46; In such a model&#44; the different healthcare levels would be administered in different clinical units&#44; with a growing degree of complexity&#44; depending on their place in the healthcare hierarchy &#40;basic&#44; respiratory&#44; and multidisciplinary&#41;&#46; The network system&#44; as the name suggests&#44; requires close communication between the various components&#44; and each player must be familiar with the system hierarchy&#44; areas of influence&#44; channels of communication&#44; common intervention regimens&#44; and chains of referral&#46; Basic keys to the success of the network include autonomy&#44; information&#44; training&#44; and communication&#46; This model offers optimization of existing resources&#44; accessible to the whole network&#44; and sets priorities according to preference and complexity&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A final requirement in this first phase is the need to invert the management pyramid of these patients&#46; In the conventional approach&#44; most SAHS patients are evaluated and monitored by experts in sleep medicine &#40;the base of the pyramid&#41; with very little intervention&#44; if any&#44; from the primary care physician or nurse &#40;apex&#41;&#44; generating an unsustainable situation&#46; Primary care physicians and nursing staff must be involved at the entry level in the management of most of these patients&#59; in other words&#44; this level must become the base of the pyramid&#46; Only more complex patients should be referred to the more specialized units or apex of the system&#46; This would relieve hospitals&#44; and hospital units&#44; of much of the burden of managing SAHS patients&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the area of diagnosis&#44; both the problem of underdiagnosis and the problems derived from long waiting lists must be addressed&#46; With regard to underdiagnosis&#44; the general practitioner &#40;GP&#41; plays an essential role in the identification of suspected cases&#46; The message must be clear&#44; and patients with 2 of the 3 critical symptoms &#40;snoring&#44; evidence of apneas and&#47;or excessive sleepiness&#47;fatigue&#41; must be referred&#46; It is equally important that patients with at-risk jobs&#44; debilitating sleepiness or respiratory failure are given priority referral&#46; If all GPs used this simple rule-of-2 identification tool and avoided unnecessary delays in seeing at-risk patients&#44; we would be well on the way to success&#46; With regard to waiting lists&#44; it is absolutely essential that super-simplified methods are applied&#46; We should remember that the simpler the method&#44; the better the prior clinical evaluation of the patient &#40;and the greater the experience of the treating physician&#41; must be&#59; therefore&#44; and role and limitations of GPs must be taken into consideration&#46; The value of these methods resides in their capacity to identify patients with more severe SAHS than the majority of patients on the waiting list for a sleep study&#44; so that treatment is initiated as quickly as possible in patients who need it most&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As for treatment&#44; working on the assumption that it is cost-effective and reduces associated morbidity and mortality&#44; treatment must be organized from a perspective of sustainable services and maximized efficiency&#46; We should not forget that the SAHS patient is very often a chronic patient&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> so optimization of the available resources is essential&#46; a&#41; Suppliers are the main player in this process&#44; so they must be required to meet care standards that are evaluated by the healthcare personnel running the units&#46; Thus&#44; shared risk agreements based not only on economic considerations&#44; but also on treatment efficacy&#44; can be implemented&#59; b&#41; close collaboration with suppliers&#44; as opposed to parallel activities&#44; is essential to optimize available resources and c&#41; it is essential that we take advantage of all the facilities now offered by new technologies &#40;e-medicine&#44; intelligent equipment&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> super-simplified equipment&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> etc&#46;&#41;&#46; This will improve continuity of care by reducing the burden of work and efficiently monitoring non-complying patients&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finally&#44; the results of ongoing studies on the consequences of SAHS could significantly change the diagnostic and therapeutic management of these patients&#46; We must prepare ourselves for these changes and be ready to face new challenges that might require a complete overhaul of existing routines&#46; We must examine the leading role of CPAP as the main protagonist in the current treatment this disease&#46; Perhaps we will need to take a more global view of the treatment of our patients&#44; and avoid compartmentalizing diagnoses&#46; We must concentrate our efforts on providing the best treatments for obesity and comorbidities&#44; on using alternative treatments&#44; and on addressing non-respiratory sleep diseases&#46; We must ask if our lines of research are correctly targeted at making advances in procedures that will improve the management of our patients in the very near future&#46;</p></span>"
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Editorial
A Network Management Approach to Sleep Apnea–hypopnea Syndrome: Healthcare Units
Abarcando el problema del síndrome de apneas-hipopneas del sueño desde la gestión en red: unidades asistenciales
Olga Medianoa,d,
Corresponding author
olgamediano@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Ferran Barbé-Illab,d, Josep M. Montserratc,d
a Unidad de Sueño, Sección de Neumología, Hospital Universitario de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Spain
b Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova y Santa Maria, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
c Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
d Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Spain
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        "titulo" => "Abarcando el problema del s&#237;ndrome de apneas-hipopneas del sue&#241;o desde la gesti&#243;n en red&#58; unidades asistenciales"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nobody would deny nowadays that sleep apnea&#8211;hypopnea syndrome &#40;SAHS&#41; is a public health problem&#46; Indeed&#44; it meets all the required criteria&#58; it is a highly prevalent disease&#44; diagnosis is definitive&#44; and treatment is effective&#46; Moreover&#44; it has a heavy impact on quality of life and causes an increased accident rate among sufferers&#46; A great deal of research has been carried out in recent years&#44; much of it by the Spanish Sleep Network&#44; to document its possible association with cardiovascular risk<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> and poor progress in cancer&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Addressing this problem requires participation and commitment from players at both healthcare and non-healthcare levels&#44; yet sleep itself seems to have been forgotten by the health and welfare community&#46; We should be as concerned about getting a good night&#39;s sleep as we are about following a healthy diet and doing exercise&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For many years now&#44; the diagnostic and therapeutic needs of this disease have created organizational problems in a wide range of healthcare departments that at times seem insurmountable&#46; To this is added the considerable problem of managing the resources needed to tackle SAHS&#46; Despite the major organizational and educational efforts of recent years&#44; most centers continue to struggle with the same old problems&#44; to wit&#44; interminable waiting lists and pressures from all sides regarding the management of home respiratory therapy&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To address the problem of SAHS&#44; we must act on the 3 main underlying issues&#58; the specific care model&#44; the particular characteristics of its diagnosis&#44; and the intricacies of its treatment&#46;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1&#46;</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When discussing the &#8220;care model&#8221;&#44; we must not forget that the SAHS patient will also present multiple concurrent diseases requiring simultaneous management&#46; These often overlap with other very common sleep disorders and with other comorbidities&#44; all of which need attention&#46; There is little use&#44; then&#44; for a conventional management model in which processes are managed linearly from start to finish by a single specialist unit in a single&#44; generally hospital&#44; setting&#46; The various diagnoses presented by the SAHS patient must be viewed globally&#44; and patient care must be integrated and comprehensive&#46; Management of the SAHS patient must also extend beyond the walls of the hospital into the primary care center&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> and even into the patient&#39;s home&#46; If these proposals are to be realized&#44; all healthcare levels &#40;administration&#44; hospital&#44; health center&#44; home&#41; and all professionals &#40;managers&#44; physicians&#44; nurses&#44; technicians&#41; must be involved in the process&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Taking into account these special characteristics&#44; it seems that patient care would be better managed with the deployment of a &#8220;healthcare network&#8221; model&#46; In such a model&#44; the different healthcare levels would be administered in different clinical units&#44; with a growing degree of complexity&#44; depending on their place in the healthcare hierarchy &#40;basic&#44; respiratory&#44; and multidisciplinary&#41;&#46; The network system&#44; as the name suggests&#44; requires close communication between the various components&#44; and each player must be familiar with the system hierarchy&#44; areas of influence&#44; channels of communication&#44; common intervention regimens&#44; and chains of referral&#46; Basic keys to the success of the network include autonomy&#44; information&#44; training&#44; and communication&#46; This model offers optimization of existing resources&#44; accessible to the whole network&#44; and sets priorities according to preference and complexity&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A final requirement in this first phase is the need to invert the management pyramid of these patients&#46; In the conventional approach&#44; most SAHS patients are evaluated and monitored by experts in sleep medicine &#40;the base of the pyramid&#41; with very little intervention&#44; if any&#44; from the primary care physician or nurse &#40;apex&#41;&#44; generating an unsustainable situation&#46; Primary care physicians and nursing staff must be involved at the entry level in the management of most of these patients&#59; in other words&#44; this level must become the base of the pyramid&#46; Only more complex patients should be referred to the more specialized units or apex of the system&#46; This would relieve hospitals&#44; and hospital units&#44; of much of the burden of managing SAHS patients&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the area of diagnosis&#44; both the problem of underdiagnosis and the problems derived from long waiting lists must be addressed&#46; With regard to underdiagnosis&#44; the general practitioner &#40;GP&#41; plays an essential role in the identification of suspected cases&#46; The message must be clear&#44; and patients with 2 of the 3 critical symptoms &#40;snoring&#44; evidence of apneas and&#47;or excessive sleepiness&#47;fatigue&#41; must be referred&#46; It is equally important that patients with at-risk jobs&#44; debilitating sleepiness or respiratory failure are given priority referral&#46; If all GPs used this simple rule-of-2 identification tool and avoided unnecessary delays in seeing at-risk patients&#44; we would be well on the way to success&#46; With regard to waiting lists&#44; it is absolutely essential that super-simplified methods are applied&#46; We should remember that the simpler the method&#44; the better the prior clinical evaluation of the patient &#40;and the greater the experience of the treating physician&#41; must be&#59; therefore&#44; and role and limitations of GPs must be taken into consideration&#46; The value of these methods resides in their capacity to identify patients with more severe SAHS than the majority of patients on the waiting list for a sleep study&#44; so that treatment is initiated as quickly as possible in patients who need it most&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As for treatment&#44; working on the assumption that it is cost-effective and reduces associated morbidity and mortality&#44; treatment must be organized from a perspective of sustainable services and maximized efficiency&#46; We should not forget that the SAHS patient is very often a chronic patient&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> so optimization of the available resources is essential&#46; a&#41; Suppliers are the main player in this process&#44; so they must be required to meet care standards that are evaluated by the healthcare personnel running the units&#46; Thus&#44; shared risk agreements based not only on economic considerations&#44; but also on treatment efficacy&#44; can be implemented&#59; b&#41; close collaboration with suppliers&#44; as opposed to parallel activities&#44; is essential to optimize available resources and c&#41; it is essential that we take advantage of all the facilities now offered by new technologies &#40;e-medicine&#44; intelligent equipment&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> super-simplified equipment&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> etc&#46;&#41;&#46; This will improve continuity of care by reducing the burden of work and efficiently monitoring non-complying patients&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finally&#44; the results of ongoing studies on the consequences of SAHS could significantly change the diagnostic and therapeutic management of these patients&#46; We must prepare ourselves for these changes and be ready to face new challenges that might require a complete overhaul of existing routines&#46; We must examine the leading role of CPAP as the main protagonist in the current treatment this disease&#46; Perhaps we will need to take a more global view of the treatment of our patients&#44; and avoid compartmentalizing diagnoses&#46; We must concentrate our efforts on providing the best treatments for obesity and comorbidities&#44; on using alternative treatments&#44; and on addressing non-respiratory sleep diseases&#46; We must ask if our lines of research are correctly targeted at making advances in procedures that will improve the management of our patients in the very near future&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Mediano O&#44; Barb&#233;-Illa F&#44; Montserrat JM&#46; Abarcando el problema del s&#237;ndrome de apneas-hipopneas del sue&#241;o desde la gesti&#243;n en red&#58; unidades asistenciales&#46; Arch Bronconeumol&#46; 2017&#59;53&#58;184&#8211;185&#46;</p>"
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