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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Stridor is a musical sound generated by the rapid&#44; turbulent passage of air through a narrowed section of the airways&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3</span></a> Patients with stridor should be evaluated with a complete clinical history and physical examination&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The characteristics of stridor indicate the level of the lesion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> When it occurs on inspiration&#44; the lesion is generally supraglottic&#44; when it is expiratory&#44; it is located in the intrathoracic airway&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> and when stridor is biphasic&#44; the stenosis is located in the trachea&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We performed a descriptive study of children with stridor undergoing fiberoptic bronchoscopy &#40;FB&#41; from January 2009 to December 2013&#44; analyzing sex&#44; age&#44; underlying disease&#44; symptoms&#44; type of stridor&#44; fiberoptic bronchoscopy findings&#44; treatments and FB yield&#46; We used an Olympus<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> fiberoptic bronchoscopy &#40;2&#46;8&#44; 3&#46;6 and 4&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We performed 593 FBs&#44; 138 &#40;23&#37;&#41; for stridor&#59; 63&#37; in infants younger than 1 year&#44; 14&#37; in children between 1 and 2 years&#44; 17&#37; between 3 and 7 years and 6&#37; in patients older than 8 years&#59; 58&#37; were male&#46; The most predominant form of stridor was inspiratory &#40;78&#37;&#41;&#46; Diagnostic yield was 95&#37;&#44; i&#46;e&#46;&#44; 130 patients obtained diagnostic or therapeutic benefit&#44; while 18 of those patients required a repeat FB &#40;12&#37;&#41;&#46; Most &#40;81&#37;&#41; had underlying disease &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; Fiberoptic bronchoscopy findings are summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46; In 91&#37; of cases we took a &#8220;wait and see&#8221; approach&#59; 12 patients &#40;9&#37;&#41; needed surgical treatment &#40;6 required tracheoplasty&#44; 2 aortopexy&#44; 2 tracheostomy&#44; 1 uvulectomy&#44; and 1 laser ablation&#41; and 2 patients with subglottic hemangioma received propanolol&#44; with good response&#46; A total of 8&#37; of the patients had mild&#44; self-limiting desaturations&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Stridor is a symptom which requires an etiological diagnosis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3</span></a> based on clinical history&#44; physical examination&#44; and direct evaluation of the airway<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> with fiberoptic bronchoscopy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;4</span></a> This is generally performed under spontaneous breathing&#44; allowing an anatomical and functional examination of the airways&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a> Respiratory pediatricians&#44; ENT specialists&#44; pediatric surgeons and&#47;or anesthetists must work closely together to maximize the benefit of this procedure and ensure it is correctly performed&#46; In our hospital&#44; FB is performed in collaboration with anesthetists&#44; who generally apply sevoflurane&#46; In our opinion&#44; the airway must be examined in its entirety&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Like other authors&#44; our case series showed that laryngomalacia was the most common finding in infants with inspiratory stridor&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3</span></a> and this condition generally resolved with a &#8220;wait and see&#8221; approach&#44; since laryngomalacia is a result of immature laryngeal structures&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a> The second most common disorder encountered was subglottic stenosis &#40;15&#37;&#41;&#46; This percentage was high&#44; but in our opinion there was some element of bias&#44; as our hospital is the respiratory referral center for the south of Spain&#46; Stridor can be caused by congenital or acquired diseases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The most common type is biphasic stridor associated with varying degrees of clinical airway obstruction&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> In our group of patients&#44; all&#44; except 1&#44; developed symptoms after intubation&#46; Subglottic stenoses with Cotton grades III and IV are treated by surgery&#44; as was the case in 9&#37; of our patients&#46; The most common technique used was tracheoplasty with rib cartilage graft &#40;5&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our opinion&#44; FB is the technique of choice in the diagnosis of airway disorders&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> as it is safer and less aggressive than rigid bronchoscopy&#46; We recommend that FB be performed in any child who presents with stridor&#44; since this symptom is generally an indication of a banal disorder&#44; but it can mask a life-threatening disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3&#44;5</span></a></p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Gastroesophageal reflux &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>36&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Non-specific inflammation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ALTE&#47;choking&#47;apneas &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Extrinsic tracheal&#47;bronchial compression&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Congenital malformations &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Tracheomalacia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">- Tracheomalacia &#40;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Arytenoid paralysis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">- Tracheal stenosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Vocal cord paralysis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">- Vascular ring due to right-sided aortic arch with aberrant left subclavian artery associated with Kommerell diverticulum &#40;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Granulation tissue&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">- Tracheal bronchus&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Epiglottis malformation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">- Hypoplasia of right lung with pulmonary sequestration &#40;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Pharynogmalacia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Mucocele&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Prematurity &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Subglottic hemangioma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Epilepsy &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Bronchomalacia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Interventricular communication &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Epiglottic edema&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Hypotonia &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Vocal cord dysfunction&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Coarctation of the aorta &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Vocal cord synechia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Vascular ring &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Vocal cord nodule&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Patent ductus arteriosus &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Arytenoid dislocation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Vallecular cyst&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cutaneous hemangioma &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Cyst on uvula&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Down syndrome &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Tongue compressing epiglottis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Middle lobe bronchial hypoplasia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#40;A&#41; Diseases Identified in the 138 Fiberoptic Bronchoscopies Performed for Stridor&#59; in 43 Patients &#40;31&#37;&#41;&#44; Multiple Findings Were Found on Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy&#46; &#40;B&#41; Underlying Diseases in the 138 Patients Undergoing Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy&#46;</p>"
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      "titulo" => "References"
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                0 => array:2 [
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "&#191;Es el estridor un s&#237;ntoma banal en el lactante&#63;"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
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                            1 => "M&#46;A&#46; Garc&#237;a-Casillas"
                            2 => "J&#46;A&#46; Matute"
                            3 => "A&#46; Ca&#241;izo"
                            4 => "A&#46; La&#237;n"
                            5 => "M&#46; Fanjul"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "An Pediatr &#40;Barc&#41;"
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                        "paginaFinal" => "565"
                      ]
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "An approach to stridor in infants and children"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Boudewyns"
                            1 => "J&#46; Claes"
                            2 => "P&#46; van de Heyning"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s00431-009-1044-7"
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                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "169"
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                        "paginaFinal" => "141"
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                      "titulo" => "Flexible bronchoscopy as a valuable tool in the evaluation of infants with stridor"
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                            4 => "B&#46; Karadag"
                            5 => "F&#46; Karakoc"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s00405-012-2057-9"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"
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                        "paginaFinal" => "25"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
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                            "web" => "Medline"
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Scientific Letter
Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy Findings in Children With Stridor in a Tertiary Hospital
Hallazgos fibrobroncoscópicos en pacientes estudiados por estridor en un hospital de tercer nivel
Raquel Plácido-Paiasa,
Corresponding author
raquelpaias@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Isabel Delgado-Pecellínb, Juan Pedro González-Valenciab
a Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital de Mérida, Mérida, Badajoz, Spain
b Unidad de Neumología Pediátrica, Hospitales Universitarios Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Stridor is a musical sound generated by the rapid&#44; turbulent passage of air through a narrowed section of the airways&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3</span></a> Patients with stridor should be evaluated with a complete clinical history and physical examination&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The characteristics of stridor indicate the level of the lesion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> When it occurs on inspiration&#44; the lesion is generally supraglottic&#44; when it is expiratory&#44; it is located in the intrathoracic airway&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> and when stridor is biphasic&#44; the stenosis is located in the trachea&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We performed a descriptive study of children with stridor undergoing fiberoptic bronchoscopy &#40;FB&#41; from January 2009 to December 2013&#44; analyzing sex&#44; age&#44; underlying disease&#44; symptoms&#44; type of stridor&#44; fiberoptic bronchoscopy findings&#44; treatments and FB yield&#46; We used an Olympus<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> fiberoptic bronchoscopy &#40;2&#46;8&#44; 3&#46;6 and 4&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We performed 593 FBs&#44; 138 &#40;23&#37;&#41; for stridor&#59; 63&#37; in infants younger than 1 year&#44; 14&#37; in children between 1 and 2 years&#44; 17&#37; between 3 and 7 years and 6&#37; in patients older than 8 years&#59; 58&#37; were male&#46; The most predominant form of stridor was inspiratory &#40;78&#37;&#41;&#46; Diagnostic yield was 95&#37;&#44; i&#46;e&#46;&#44; 130 patients obtained diagnostic or therapeutic benefit&#44; while 18 of those patients required a repeat FB &#40;12&#37;&#41;&#46; Most &#40;81&#37;&#41; had underlying disease &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; Fiberoptic bronchoscopy findings are summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46; In 91&#37; of cases we took a &#8220;wait and see&#8221; approach&#59; 12 patients &#40;9&#37;&#41; needed surgical treatment &#40;6 required tracheoplasty&#44; 2 aortopexy&#44; 2 tracheostomy&#44; 1 uvulectomy&#44; and 1 laser ablation&#41; and 2 patients with subglottic hemangioma received propanolol&#44; with good response&#46; A total of 8&#37; of the patients had mild&#44; self-limiting desaturations&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Stridor is a symptom which requires an etiological diagnosis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3</span></a> based on clinical history&#44; physical examination&#44; and direct evaluation of the airway<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> with fiberoptic bronchoscopy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;4</span></a> This is generally performed under spontaneous breathing&#44; allowing an anatomical and functional examination of the airways&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a> Respiratory pediatricians&#44; ENT specialists&#44; pediatric surgeons and&#47;or anesthetists must work closely together to maximize the benefit of this procedure and ensure it is correctly performed&#46; In our hospital&#44; FB is performed in collaboration with anesthetists&#44; who generally apply sevoflurane&#46; In our opinion&#44; the airway must be examined in its entirety&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Like other authors&#44; our case series showed that laryngomalacia was the most common finding in infants with inspiratory stridor&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3</span></a> and this condition generally resolved with a &#8220;wait and see&#8221; approach&#44; since laryngomalacia is a result of immature laryngeal structures&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a> The second most common disorder encountered was subglottic stenosis &#40;15&#37;&#41;&#46; This percentage was high&#44; but in our opinion there was some element of bias&#44; as our hospital is the respiratory referral center for the south of Spain&#46; Stridor can be caused by congenital or acquired diseases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The most common type is biphasic stridor associated with varying degrees of clinical airway obstruction&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> In our group of patients&#44; all&#44; except 1&#44; developed symptoms after intubation&#46; Subglottic stenoses with Cotton grades III and IV are treated by surgery&#44; as was the case in 9&#37; of our patients&#46; The most common technique used was tracheoplasty with rib cartilage graft &#40;5&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our opinion&#44; FB is the technique of choice in the diagnosis of airway disorders&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> as it is safer and less aggressive than rigid bronchoscopy&#46; We recommend that FB be performed in any child who presents with stridor&#44; since this symptom is generally an indication of a banal disorder&#44; but it can mask a life-threatening disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3&#44;5</span></a></p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#40;A&#41; Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy Findings&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Laryngomalacia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Laryngitis and recurrent wheezing &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>50&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Subglottic stenosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Gastroesophageal reflux &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>36&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Non-specific inflammation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ALTE&#47;choking&#47;apneas &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Extrinsic tracheal&#47;bronchial compression&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Congenital malformations &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Tracheomalacia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">- Tracheomalacia &#40;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Arytenoid paralysis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">- Tracheal stenosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Vocal cord paralysis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">- Vascular ring due to right-sided aortic arch with aberrant left subclavian artery associated with Kommerell diverticulum &#40;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Granulation tissue&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">- Tracheal bronchus&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Epiglottis malformation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">- Hypoplasia of right lung with pulmonary sequestration &#40;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Pharynogmalacia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Mucocele&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Prematurity &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Subglottic hemangioma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Epilepsy &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Bronchomalacia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Interventricular communication &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Epiglottic edema&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Hypotonia &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Vocal cord dysfunction&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Coarctation of the aorta &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Vocal cord synechia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Vascular ring &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Vocal cord nodule&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Patent ductus arteriosus &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Arytenoid dislocation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Tracheoesophageal fistula &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Vallecular cyst&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cutaneous hemangioma &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Cyst on uvula&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Down syndrome &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Tongue compressing epiglottis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Middle lobe bronchial hypoplasia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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                0 => "xTab1077284.png"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#40;A&#41; Diseases Identified in the 138 Fiberoptic Bronchoscopies Performed for Stridor&#59; in 43 Patients &#40;31&#37;&#41;&#44; Multiple Findings Were Found on Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy&#46; &#40;B&#41; Underlying Diseases in the 138 Patients Undergoing Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:5 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0030"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "&#191;Es el estridor un s&#237;ntoma banal en el lactante&#63;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Parente Hern&#225;ndez"
                            1 => "M&#46;A&#46; Garc&#237;a-Casillas"
                            2 => "J&#46;A&#46; Matute"
                            3 => "A&#46; Ca&#241;izo"
                            4 => "A&#46; La&#237;n"
                            5 => "M&#46; Fanjul"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "An Pediatr &#40;Barc&#41;"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "66"
                        "paginaInicial" => "559"
                        "paginaFinal" => "565"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0035"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "An approach to stridor in infants and children"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Boudewyns"
                            1 => "J&#46; Claes"
                            2 => "P&#46; van de Heyning"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s00431-009-1044-7"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur J Pediatr"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "169"
                        "paginaInicial" => "135"
                        "paginaFinal" => "141"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19763619"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                        "itemHostRev" => array:3 [
                          "pii" => "S014067360312329X"
                          "estado" => "S300"
                          "issn" => "01406736"
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0040"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Flexible bronchoscopy as a valuable tool in the evaluation of infants with stridor"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "E&#46; Erdem"
                            1 => "Y&#46; Gokdemir"
                            2 => "F&#46; Unal"
                            3 => "R&#46; Ersu"
                            4 => "B&#46; Karadag"
                            5 => "F&#46; Karakoc"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s00405-012-2057-9"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "270"
                        "paginaInicial" => "21"
                        "paginaFinal" => "25"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22639201"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0045"
              "etiqueta" => "4"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The role of rigid and flexible bronchoscopy in children"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "T&#46; Nicolai"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.prrv.2010.10.006"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Paediatr Respir Rev"
                        "fecha" => "2011"
                        "volumen" => "12"
                        "paginaInicial" => "190"
                        "paginaFinal" => "195"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21722848"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
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            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0050"
              "etiqueta" => "5"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Cl&#237;nica&#44; diagn&#243;stico y tratamiento de las estenosis traqueales"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "I&#46; Delgado Pecell&#237;n"
                            1 => "J&#46;P&#46; Gonz&#225;lez Valencia"
                            2 => "M&#46; Machuca Contreras"
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Article information
ISSN: 15792129
Original language: English
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