Editorial
Air Pollution and Respiratory Health in Childhood
Contaminación del aire y salud respiratoria en niños
a ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic – Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
b Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
c Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
d CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
e Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
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"372" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Mireia Gascon, Jordi Sunyer" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Mireia" "apellidos" => "Gascon" "referencia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] ] 1 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Jordi" "apellidos" => "Sunyer" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "mgascon@creal.cat" ] "referencia" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 2 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span 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Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Contaminación del aire y salud respiratoria en niños" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In March 2014, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported that air pollution, including pollutants such as particulate matter (PM), ozone (O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>), nitrogen dioxide (NO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>), and sulfur dioxide (SO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>), causes 3.7 million premature deaths worldwide every year.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Indeed, air pollution, specifically PM, is the leading environmental cause of mortality and morbidity, and the ninth absolute cause of death, before cholesterol or lack of physical exercise.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> In recent years, several studies on the acute and chronic effects of air pollutants reported that the risk of cerebrovascular accident, heart disease, lung cancer, and chronic and acute respiratory diseases, including asthma, increases the greater the exposure to pollutants.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Furthermore, there does not seem to be a safe threshold, and even very low exposure levels can have repercussions on health.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mother–child cohort of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">INfancia y MedioAmbiente</span> (“Environment and Childhood”–INMA)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> project has contributed to scientific knowledge in this area with a close examination of the effects of exposure to air pollutants during the prenatal period and its role on the incidence of respiratory diseases and on lung development. In 2013, Aguilera et al. reported a study of more than 2000 participants from 4 Spanish cities which found that the risk of lower respiratory infection and otitis at the age of 12 months was greater in children whose mothers had been exposed to higher levels of pollutants from traffic (NO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and benzene) during pregnancy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> These data were subsequently pooled with data from another 6 European birth cohorts. Once again, prenatal exposure to NO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and other air pollutants such as PM<span class="elsevierStyleInf">10</span> increased the risk of pneumonia and/or otitis during the first 2 years of life.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Another study of 74<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>000 newborns from 11 cohorts found a correlation between lower birth weight and the level of traffic pollution inside the home, with the resulting implications for lung development.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> A recent study that examined data from 2 INMA cohorts measuring early lung function found that FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> in children aged 4.5 years diminished the higher the exposure to NO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and benzene during pregnancy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Although the effects were individually small, these results confirm the role of air pollution and its early effects, and a relationship with the long-term development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) cannot be ruled out.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These results are consistent in themselves and in line with the literature available to date. Their importance lies in the fact that acute respiratory infections worldwide account for 20% of annual deaths in children younger than 5 years of age, and this percentage is much higher in developing countries in which air pollution is much more severe than in Europe.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Although clean air is considered a basic requirement for human health and wellbeing, studies show that pollution is still a major threat to health throughout the world, and that improving air quality should be on the political agenda of all countries. Unfortunately, the new European Commission is considering a turnabout on the directive launched in 2013 with the aim of reducing pollution from medium-sized combustion facilities and reducing the emission levels of the member states,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> limits (25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> for PM<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2.5</span>) that are currently higher than those established by the WHO (10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> In view of the results that show the high impact of air pollution on respiratory health–14% of deaths caused by air pollution are due to respiratory problems–the community of pulmonologists should form a lobby group, in a similar manner as they did for tobacco in their day, in order to put pressure on the authorities of the European countries to reconsider their decision to increase permitted emission levels. Similarly, respiratory physicians can put pressure on their respective local authorities to implement appropriate measures for meeting air quality criteria that help to protect health. As healthcare professionals and as a society, it is our responsibility to ensure a better quality of life for all our fellow citizens, particularly for our children who are so sensitive to exposure to pollution in their environment.</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Funding</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No type of funding was received for the preparation of this manuscript.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 1 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Gascon M, Sunyer J. Contaminación del aire y salud respiratoria en niños. Arch Bronconeumol. 2015;51:371–372.</p>" ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0055" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Ambient (outdoor) air quality and health" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "World Health Organization" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:2 [ "fecha" => "2014" "editorial" => "Fact sheet No. 313. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| 2024 October | 62 | 24 | 86 |
| 2024 September | 45 | 17 | 62 |
| 2024 August | 55 | 34 | 89 |
| 2024 July | 54 | 16 | 70 |
| 2024 June | 70 | 28 | 98 |
| 2024 May | 79 | 22 | 101 |
| 2024 April | 63 | 33 | 96 |
| 2024 March | 48 | 14 | 62 |
| 2024 February | 60 | 23 | 83 |
| 2023 March | 14 | 3 | 17 |
| 2023 February | 42 | 20 | 62 |
| 2023 January | 27 | 31 | 58 |
| 2022 December | 47 | 33 | 80 |
| 2022 November | 52 | 41 | 93 |
| 2022 October | 45 | 41 | 86 |
| 2022 September | 39 | 29 | 68 |
| 2022 August | 33 | 33 | 66 |
| 2022 July | 33 | 51 | 84 |
| 2022 June | 26 | 32 | 58 |
| 2022 May | 34 | 38 | 72 |
| 2022 April | 39 | 47 | 86 |
| 2022 March | 43 | 47 | 90 |
| 2022 February | 42 | 24 | 66 |
| 2022 January | 37 | 39 | 76 |
| 2021 December | 33 | 38 | 71 |
| 2021 November | 40 | 46 | 86 |
| 2021 October | 49 | 35 | 84 |
| 2021 September | 29 | 57 | 86 |
| 2021 August | 32 | 26 | 58 |
| 2021 July | 27 | 33 | 60 |
| 2021 June | 40 | 29 | 69 |
| 2021 May | 86 | 33 | 119 |
| 2021 April | 120 | 89 | 209 |
| 2021 March | 104 | 48 | 152 |
| 2021 February | 36 | 26 | 62 |
| 2021 January | 45 | 25 | 70 |
| 2020 December | 84 | 28 | 112 |
| 2020 November | 51 | 25 | 76 |
| 2020 October | 63 | 21 | 84 |
| 2020 September | 68 | 22 | 90 |
| 2020 August | 42 | 18 | 60 |
| 2020 July | 57 | 34 | 91 |
| 2020 June | 42 | 9 | 51 |
| 2020 May | 41 | 19 | 60 |
| 2020 April | 52 | 28 | 80 |
| 2020 March | 59 | 17 | 76 |
| 2020 February | 55 | 23 | 78 |
| 2020 January | 69 | 23 | 92 |
| 2019 December | 68 | 18 | 86 |
| 2019 November | 50 | 31 | 81 |
| 2019 October | 66 | 19 | 85 |
| 2019 September | 34 | 22 | 56 |
| 2019 August | 34 | 14 | 48 |
| 2019 July | 32 | 24 | 56 |
| 2019 June | 20 | 14 | 34 |
| 2019 May | 33 | 18 | 51 |
| 2019 April | 43 | 49 | 92 |
| 2019 March | 62 | 31 | 93 |
| 2019 February | 44 | 30 | 74 |
| 2019 January | 25 | 10 | 35 |
| 2018 December | 40 | 28 | 68 |
| 2018 November | 104 | 31 | 135 |
| 2018 October | 161 | 25 | 186 |
| 2018 September | 58 | 14 | 72 |
| 2018 May | 20 | 0 | 20 |
| 2018 April | 52 | 6 | 58 |
| 2018 March | 83 | 3 | 86 |
| 2018 February | 75 | 8 | 83 |
| 2018 January | 223 | 5 | 228 |
| 2017 December | 56 | 4 | 60 |
| 2017 November | 24 | 4 | 28 |
| 2017 October | 20 | 8 | 28 |
| 2017 September | 22 | 27 | 49 |
| 2017 August | 27 | 10 | 37 |
| 2017 July | 16 | 15 | 31 |
| 2017 June | 43 | 17 | 60 |
| 2017 May | 29 | 18 | 47 |
| 2017 April | 26 | 15 | 41 |
| 2017 March | 17 | 28 | 45 |
| 2017 February | 11 | 10 | 21 |
| 2017 January | 19 | 11 | 30 |
| 2016 December | 25 | 9 | 34 |
| 2016 November | 36 | 11 | 47 |
| 2016 October | 44 | 16 | 60 |
| 2016 September | 30 | 13 | 43 |
| 2016 August | 29 | 5 | 34 |
| 2016 July | 27 | 12 | 39 |
| 2016 March | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2015 December | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 2015 October | 0 | 3 | 3 |
Show all
