Scientific Letter
Analysis of Exposure and Respiratory Health Effects of Volcanic Eruption in the Canary Islands (ASHES). A SEPAR Study
Alberto Ruano-Ravinaa,b,c, Orlando Acostad,
, David Díaz Péreze, Ciro Casanovaf, Valle Velascog, Ana Belén Llanosd, Germán Peces-Barbah,i, Esther Barreiroi,j,o, Ana Cañask, Argelia Castañok, María Jesús Cruz Carmonai,l, Carmen Diegom, Judith Garcia-Aymerichc,n,o, Cristina Martínezp, María Molina-Molinaq, Xavier Muñozi,l, Francisco Javier Sánchez-Íñigok, Cristina Candal-Pedreiraa,b
Corresponding author
a Área de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
b Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Spain
c CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain
d Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
e Servicio de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
f Servicio de Neumología/Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Universidad de la Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
g Neumología Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain
h Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
i CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, CIBERES, Madrid, Spain
j Pulmonology Department-Muscle Wasting and Cachexia in Chronic Respiratory Diseases and Lung Cancer Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona (PRBB), Barcelona, Spain
k Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
l Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
m Servicio de Neumología, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol, Ferrol, Spain
n ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
o Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
p Servicio de Neumologia, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
q Unidad Funcional de Intersticio Pulmonar (UFIP), Neumología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Bellvitge, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
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Tenerife, Spain" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] 4 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain" "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] 5 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Neumología/Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Universidad de la Laguna, Tenerife, Spain" "etiqueta" => "f" "identificador" => "aff0030" ] 6 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Neumología Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain" "etiqueta" => "g" "identificador" => "aff0035" ] 7 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "h" "identificador" => "aff0040" ] 8 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, CIBERES, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "i" "identificador" => "aff0045" ] 9 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Pulmonology Department-Muscle Wasting and Cachexia in Chronic Respiratory Diseases and Lung Cancer Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona (PRBB), Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "j" "identificador" => "aff0050" ] 10 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain" "etiqueta" => "k" "identificador" => "aff0055" ] 11 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "l" "identificador" => "aff0060" ] 12 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Neumología, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol, Ferrol, Spain" "etiqueta" => "m" "identificador" => "aff0065" ] 13 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "n" "identificador" => "aff0070" ] 14 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "o" "identificador" => "aff0075" ] 15 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Neumologia, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain" "etiqueta" => "p" "identificador" => "aff0080" ] 16 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Unidad Funcional de Intersticio Pulmonar (UFIP), Neumología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Bellvitge, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain" "etiqueta" => "q" "identificador" => "aff0085" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Volcanic eruptions are a relatively rare natural phenomenon that can impact public health due to the inhalation of gases and volcanic ash. This impact is characterized mainly by the appearance of respiratory signs and symptoms in a healthy population<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2</span></a> and by the exacerbation of symptoms in patients previously diagnosed with respiratory diseases.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,4</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On September 19, 2021, a volcano in the Natural Park of Cumbre Vieja on the Canarian island of La Palma (Spain) erupted. It remained active for 85 days, spewing a constant stream of gases and ashes into the atmosphere.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Two factors made the eruption of this volcano a unique opportunity to study the effect of a natural phenomenon of this type: (1) the volcanic cone was located in close proximity to urban centers, so a large number of individuals were potentially affected; and (2) anthropogenic pollution levels (from road traffic or heating) on the island of La Palma are minimal, reducing the possibility of pollution emerging as a confounding factor.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although the impact of eruptions on various aspects of health has been widely studied,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,5–8</span></a> little is known about the potential effects in patients with respiratory diseases<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9,10</span></a> or the possible medium-to-long-term respiratory consequences in healthy adults and children.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The objectives of this study are to assess the short-, medium-, and long-term effects of exposure to volcanic ash and gases from the eruption on the respiratory health of 3 groups: the general population living in the affected area (adults and children); individuals subjected to high levels of exposure; and the population with previous respiratory diagnoses.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The ASHES (<span class="elsevierStyleBold">A</span>nalysi<span class="elsevierStyleBold">S</span> of Exposure and Respiratory <span class="elsevierStyleBold">H</span>ealth <span class="elsevierStyleBold">E</span>ffects of Volcanic <span class="elsevierStyleBold">E</span>ruption in the Canary Island<span class="elsevierStyleBold">S</span>) multi-design study, sponsored by the Spanish Society of Pulmonology and Thoracic Surgery (SEPAR) and developed by a multidisciplinary team of pulmonologists, epidemiologists, and environmental health experts, will soon get underway.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The characteristics, eligibility criteria, and sample size estimation of the different designs are described in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>. An ambispective cohort study will be conducted to analyze the effect of inhalation of gases and particulate matter from the eruption in both exposed and unexposed adult and infant populations, and a quasi-experimental before-after study will be performed in subjects with previous respiratory diagnoses.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The cohort study will recruit populations from both moderate-high exposure areas (municipalities of Los Llanos, Tazacorte, and El Paso) and low exposure areas (municipalities of Barlovento and San Andres y Sauces).</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The quasi-experimental study will recruit patients with asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and diffuse interstitial lung disease (ILD), and compare their last respiratory parameters and drug use retrieved from electronic medical records before the eruption with parameters obtained after the eruption period.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Six sources of information will be used: (1) personal interview; (2) biological samples: whole blood, serum, and urine; (3) respiratory tests: pulse oximetry, forced spirometry with bronchodilation, diffusion test and lung volumes, nitric oxide (FENO) test; (4) air pollution data: daily concentration and number of days that nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone, and PM10 and PM2.5 particle concentrations exceeded the recommended levels. This exposure will be assigned to participants according to the data obtained at the closest geolocation point to their homes; (5) electronic medical record data: clinical parameters recorded at the date closest to the eruption (subjects with previous respiratory diagnoses only); and (6) imaging tests: (subjects with ILD or if clinically indicated).</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Information from all these sources will be obtained from all patients (except 5 and 6, which pertain exclusively to subjects with a previous respiratory diagnosis). The information from the various sources will be collected at several time points, as shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Two recruitment teams will carry out their tasks simultaneously, one in the area of moderate-high exposure and one in the area of low exposure. Each team will consist of 2 nurses, coordinated by the principal investigator, who will have access to all necessary equipment and infrastructure to conduct interviews, perform respiratory tests, and obtain biological specimens. These specimens will be properly stored in a sample bank for further analysis.</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study has received the approval of the Ethics Committee for Medical Research in the Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Canarias, and participants will be required to sign informed consent, in compliance with legal requirements, granting access to electronic medical records in the case of patients with respiratory diseases. Parents or legal guardians will approve the participation of minors.</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For cohort studies (in adults and children), a survival analysis will be performed for each outcome variable. Survival curves will be developed for each of the covariables using the Kaplan–Meier method, and the log-rank test will be used to compare these functions for the corresponding categories. Cox proportional hazards models will be developed for each outcome variable, adjusting for the different covariates. For the quasi-experimental study, generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) (or another appropriate test, according to the distribution of the outcome variable) will be applied to conduct a longitudinal analysis of the data (repeated observations over time for each of the study participants) by adjusting for baseline values of the dependent variable, thus offering advantages over ordinary regression models.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study has certain limitations: it will not be possible to analyze the effect of the eruption on subjects with rare respiratory diseases. Moreover, quantification of the degree of exposure to volcanic gases and ash may be complex in certain contexts. Several factors will be taken into account to refine the data, such as distance from the volcanic cone, daily of air quality measurements, and personal habits (mask use and staying indoors), and the classification of subjects in 3 exposure groups will also indirectly reflect this variable.</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However, the study also has some strengths: the particular features of this eruption, particularly the duration compared to other recent events,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,5,8</span></a> means that the possible effects on respiratory health in the different population subgroups can be evaluated using the proposed cohort design.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,11,13</span></a> From an epidemiological point of view, study subjects will be representative of the different exposure groups that will include respiratory patients, and the lost-to-follow-up rate is expected to be low. Finally, this research potentially offers the chance to study the molecular mechanisms that may be involved in the development of respiratory disease derived from exposure to eruptive material and the exacerbation of previous diagnoses.</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study, then, is a unique opportunity to advance knowledge of the health effects of natural disasters on the general population and to clarify the determinants and mechanisms of chronic respiratory disease aggravation.</p></span>" "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "apendice" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "apendice" => "<p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following are the supplementary data to this article:<elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p>" "etiqueta" => "Appendix A" "titulo" => "Supplementary data" "identificador" => "sec0010" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ILD: interstitial lung disease.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Population groups \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Inclusion criteria \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sampling and sample size \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Design 1. Cohort study in the adult population</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Group 1:</span> High exposure-<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Group 1a</span>: subjects who have been in the exclusion zone.-<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Group 1b</span>: workers involved in cleaning up volcanic ash. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Age<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>≥<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18 years and <70 years.Continuous presence in the field of at least 1 month (group 1a).Professional involvement in clean-up tasks on the island during the eruptive period (group 1b). \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Group 1a</span>: 100 people who meet the inclusion criteria.<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Group 1b</span>: All volunteers who meet inclusion criteria (estimated at 20 people minimum). \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Group 2:</span> Moderate exposure (municipalities of El Paso, Los Llanos de Aridane and Tazacorte) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Age<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>≥<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18.Registered inhabitants of the corresponding municipalities.Same place of residence since the beginning of the eruption or, if evacuated, accommodation in another municipality in the same exposure area</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Convenience sampling.Recruitment centers: town halls, social centers, schools, pharmacies, local radio advertisements.500 participants in each group.</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Group 3:</span> Little or no exposure (municipalities of Barlovento, San Andrés, and Los Sauces) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Design 2. Cohort study in children</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Group 4:</span> Pediatric population.-<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Group 4a</span>: Pediatric population with high-moderate exposure-<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Group 4b</span>: Pediatric population with little or no exposure. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Aged 6–18 years.Population residing permanently in the most affected municipalities (group 4a) and the least affected municipalities (group 4b). \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Convenience sampling in educational centers.300 children in the exposed area and 300 in the unexposed area. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Design 3. Quasi-experimental study</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Group 5:</span> People with COPD, asthma or previous diffuse ILD, residing in the municipalities of El Paso, Los Llanos de Aridane and Tazacorte. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Age<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>≥<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18.Diagnosis of COPD, asthma, or interstitial disease in their medical history. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Sample universe.Posters will be placed in health centers, hospitals, pharmacies, municipalities and supermarkets in the areas of interest.Recruitment by respiratory medicine departments and primary care. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Study design, population groups, inclusion criteria, sampling and sample size.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:2 [ 0 => array:1 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="5" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Population group</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group 1 (high exposure) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group 2 (moderate exposure) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group 3 (low exposure) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group 4 (children) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group 5 (respiratory patients) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Interview \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Start/Annual \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Start/Annual \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Start/Annual \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Start/Annual \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Start/Annual \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Respiratory tests \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Start/End \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Start/End \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Start/End \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Start/End \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Start/End \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] ] 1 => array:1 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="6" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Biological samples</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Whole bloodSerum \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">StartStart/Annual \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">StartStart/Annual \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">StartStart/Annual \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">StartStart/Annual \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">StartStart/Annual \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Urine \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Start/Annual \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Start/Annual \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Start/Annual \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Start/Annual \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Start/Annual \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Time of collection of biological samples.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "upi0005" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAECOMPONENTE" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Ecomponente" => array:2 [ "fichero" => "mmc1.pdf" "ficheroTamanyo" => 169025 ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:13 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0070" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Respiratory health effects of volcanic ash with special reference to Iceland. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 October | 72 | 29 | 101 |
| 2024 September | 61 | 25 | 86 |
| 2024 August | 84 | 32 | 116 |
| 2024 July | 73 | 28 | 101 |
| 2024 June | 82 | 35 | 117 |
| 2024 May | 102 | 36 | 138 |
| 2024 April | 60 | 23 | 83 |
| 2024 March | 59 | 26 | 85 |
| 2024 February | 67 | 36 | 103 |
| 2024 January | 55 | 32 | 87 |
| 2023 December | 60 | 32 | 92 |
| 2023 November | 82 | 29 | 111 |
| 2023 October | 109 | 50 | 159 |
| 2023 September | 69 | 42 | 111 |
| 2023 August | 49 | 31 | 80 |
| 2023 July | 67 | 27 | 94 |
| 2023 June | 67 | 30 | 97 |
| 2023 May | 86 | 26 | 112 |
| 2023 April | 97 | 63 | 160 |
| 2023 March | 153 | 49 | 202 |
| 2023 February | 132 | 46 | 178 |
| 2023 January | 71 | 38 | 109 |
| 2022 December | 158 | 66 | 224 |
| 2022 November | 476 | 97 | 573 |
| 2022 October | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| 2022 September | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2022 August | 10 | 2 | 12 |
| 2022 July | 9 | 2 | 11 |
| 2022 June | 0 | 4 | 4 |
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