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y de factor reumatoide &#40;200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>UI&#41;&#44; con valores similares a determinaciones previas&#46; El perfil b&#225;sico de orina no mostr&#243; alteraciones significativas&#46; Los anticuerpos anticitoplasma de los neutr&#243;filos s&#233;ricos y por inmunofluorescencia fueron negativos&#44; as&#237; como el ElispotTB&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se realiz&#243; una fibrobroncoscopia que no mostr&#243; alteraciones endobronquiales&#44; siendo el estudio microbiol&#243;gico y citol&#243;gico del broncoaspirado y del lavado broncoalveolar negativos&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se realiz&#243; tambi&#233;n una tomograf&#237;a por emisi&#243;n de positrones que mostr&#243; captaci&#243;n anular e irregular de 18F-fluordesoxiglucosa &#250;nicamente en los n&#243;dulos pulmonares con un SUVm&#225;x de 2&#44;9 de la lesi&#243;n localizada en el culmen y de 3&#44;1 en la localizada en l&#237;ngula&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se decidi&#243; realizar biopsia pulmonar con tructut guiada por TAC de la lesi&#243;n en l&#237;ngula&#46; El estudio histopatol&#243;gico mostr&#243; una lesi&#243;n inflamatoria granulomatosa asociada a vasculitis compatible con granulomatosis con poliangitis &#40;antes conocida como granulomatosis de Wegener&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>C&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ante la sospecha diagn&#243;stica de granulomatosis con poliangitis asociada a la administraci&#243;n de etanercept&#44; se suspendi&#243; dicho f&#225;rmaco y se inici&#243; tratamiento con prednisona a dosis de 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;d&#237;a en pauta descendente y se sustituy&#243; la terapia biol&#243;gica de base de la AR por tocilizumab &#40;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;mes&#41;&#46; La TAC de t&#243;rax realizada 3 meses despu&#233;s mostr&#243; resoluci&#243;n de las lesiones&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La exclusi&#243;n de otras complicaciones pulmonares&#44; la asociaci&#243;n temporal con la administraci&#243;n del f&#225;rmaco y la completa y r&#225;pida resoluci&#243;n de las lesiones pulmonares tras su retirada y el tratamiento con corticosteroides confirman el diagn&#243;stico de vasculitis secundaria al tratamiento con etanercept&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El espectro de manifestaciones pulmonares de la AR es amplio e incluye afectaci&#243;n del par&#233;nquima &#40;enfermedad pulmonar intersticial&#44; n&#243;dulos pulmonares&#41;&#44; de la v&#237;a a&#233;rea &#40;bronquiolitis obliterante&#44; bronquiectasias&#41;&#44; de la pleura &#40;derrame&#44; f&#237;stula broncopleural&#44; neumot&#243;rax&#41; y de la vasculatura pulmonar &#40;hipertensi&#243;n pulmonar&#44; enfermedad tromboemb&#243;lica&#41;&#44; pudiendo preceder a la cl&#237;nica articular en el 10-20&#37; de los casos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46; El presente caso demuestra que en el diagn&#243;stico diferencial debemos tambi&#233;n incluir los efectos secundarios de la terapia inmunomoduladora utilizada en su tratamiento &#40;toxicidad&#44; infecci&#243;n&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los mecanismos por los que el tratamiento con anti-TNF&#945; desencadena la formaci&#243;n de anticuerpos y procesos autoinmunes no son del todo conocidos&#46; Existe evidencia de que el tratamiento con anti-TNF&#945; se asocia a una producci&#243;n mayor de anticuerpos antinucleares&#44; con una frecuencia variable dependiendo del tipo de anti-TNF&#945; empleado&#46; En el caso del etanercept la presencia de anticuerpos antinucleares oscila entre el 11-54&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#8211;9</span></a>&#44; habi&#233;ndose asociado tambi&#233;n al desarrollo de otras enfermedades de base autoinmune como la vasculitis leucocitocl&#225;stica&#44; la nodulosis reumatoidea acelerada y las vasculitis asociadas a anticuerpos anticitoplasma de los neutr&#243;filos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46; Las manifestaciones cl&#237;nicas son variables&#46; De hecho&#44; y de forma similar a nuestro caso&#44; los pacientes no suelen presentar s&#237;ntomas sist&#233;micos asociados&#46; Se considera que la vasculitis asociada a la terapia con anti-TNF es una complicaci&#243;n poco frecuente y en la mayor&#237;a de los casos se presenta con compromiso exclusivamente cut&#225;neo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#44; siendo la afectaci&#243;n pulmonar en estos pacientes una complicaci&#243;n rara&#46; As&#237;&#44; Ramos-Casals et al&#46; en una cohorte de 233 pacientes con enfermedades autoinmunes inducidas por el tratamiento con anti-TNF&#945;&#44; describen el desarrollo de vasculitis en 133 casos de los que &#250;nicamente 3 presentaron compromiso pulmonar &#40;3&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#46; El tratamiento consisti&#243; en la retirada del f&#225;rmaco y la administraci&#243;n de glucocorticoides&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En conclusi&#243;n&#44; si bien los anti-TNF&#945; ofrecen claras ventajas con relaci&#243;n al abordaje terap&#233;utico de la AR&#44; estos deben utilizarse con precauci&#243;n y ser monitorizados en especial en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar preexistente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#46; El desarrollo de lesiones y&#47;o infiltrados pulmonares durante el tratamiento con anti-TNF obliga&#44; en primer lugar&#44; a descartar procesos infecciosos&#46; Si los resultados no son concluyentes&#44; los infiltrados son persistentes y el &#237;ndice de sospecha es elevado&#44; es recomendable realizar pruebas invasivas como la biopsia transbronquial&#44; la criobiopsia&#44; la biopsia guiada por tomograf&#237;a o incluso la biopsia quir&#250;rgica con el fin de obtener una diagn&#243;stico definitivo que nos permita indicar el tratamiento correcto&#46;</p></span>"
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Carta científica
Nódulos pulmonares cavitados en paciente tratada con anti-TNF
Cavitating Pulmonary Nodules in a Patient Receiving Anti-TNF
Roberto Martín-de Leóna, Jorge Moisésa, Pilar Perisb, Carlos Agustía, Ramón María Marradesa,
Corresponding author
marrades@clinic.cat

Autor para correspondencia.
a Servei de Pneumologia i Al·lèrgia, Institut Clínic Respiratori, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
b Servei de Reumatologia, Institut Clínic d’Especialitats Mèdiques i Quirúrgiques, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">TAC de t&#243;rax que muestra una lesi&#243;n nodular cavitada en culmen &#40;A&#41; y otra en el segmento superior de la l&#237;ngula &#40;B&#41;&#46; C&#41; Tinci&#243;n de fibras el&#225;sticas para destacar la pared vascular arterial irregularmente destruida por el proceso inflamatorio&#46; Se aprecia necrosis en el &#225;ngulo superior derecho&#46; Orceina 200x&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os el desarrollo de los denominados f&#225;rmacos biol&#243;gicos ha supuesto un avance en el abordaje terap&#233;utico de la enfermedad inflamatoria articular cr&#243;nica&#44; especialmente de la artritis reumatoide &#40;AR&#41;&#46; En este grupo de f&#225;rmacos se incluyen los inhibidores del factor de necrosis tumoral-&#945; &#40;anti-TNF&#945;&#41;&#44; con demostrada eficacia en el tratamiento de esta enfermedad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; Los anti-TNF&#945; en general son f&#225;rmacos bien tolerados y con un perfil de seguridad aceptable&#46; Sin embargo&#44; la inhibici&#243;n del TNF&#945;&#44; una citocina esencial en la inflamaci&#243;n y en la respuesta a la infecci&#243;n&#44; se ha relacionado con una mayor probabilidad de complicaciones infecciosas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; en la &#250;ltima d&#233;cada se han descrito tambi&#233;n efectos secundarios no infecciosos a nivel sist&#233;mico y pulmonar&#44; tanto neopl&#225;sicos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> como autoinmunes secundarios<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 62 a&#241;os de edad&#44; exfumadora de 15 paquetes&#47;a&#241;o&#44; con antecedente de reumatismo palindr&#243;mico con posterior progresi&#243;n a AR erosiva de 10 a&#241;os de evoluci&#243;n&#46; Recibi&#243; tratamiento con distintos f&#225;rmacos antirreum&#225;ticos modificadores de la enfermedad&#44; como sulfato de hidroxicloroquina&#44; metotrexato y sales de oro&#44; as&#237; como AINE &#40;indometacina y naproxeno&#41; y prednisona a dosis bajas en funci&#243;n de la sintomatolog&#237;a&#44; en diferentes etapas de su enfermedad&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En mayo de 2010 y hasta marzo de 2012&#44; debido a una falta de respuesta a los f&#225;rmacos antirreum&#225;ticos modificadores de la enfermedad&#44; se inici&#243; por primera vez terapia biol&#243;gica con anti-TNF&#945; &#40;etanercept&#41; con mejor&#237;a de la cl&#237;nica articular&#46; En marzo de 2016&#44; cuando estaba en tratamiento con metotrexato &#40;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;semana&#41; y por un nuevo brote de la enfermedad&#44; se reinici&#243; etanercept &#40;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;semana&#41; objetiv&#225;ndose de nuevo una mejor&#237;a cl&#237;nica&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En un control radiol&#243;gico de su enfermedad&#44; y estando la paciente asintom&#225;tica&#44; se realiz&#243; una radiograf&#237;a de t&#243;rax y una tomograf&#237;a axial computarizada &#40;TAC&#41; de t&#243;rax que evidenciaron la presencia de 2 n&#243;dulos s&#243;lidos cavitados&#44; uno de 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm en el segmento apicoposterior del culmen &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>A&#41; y otro de 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm en el segmento superior de la l&#237;ngula &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>B&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La anal&#237;tica&#44; que incluy&#243; hematimetr&#237;a&#44; pruebas de hemostasia&#44; bioqu&#237;mica sangu&#237;nea y marcadores tumorales&#44; fue normal&#46; Los valores de PCR y VSG fueron de 0&#44;42<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;dl y 27<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#47;h&#44; respectivamente&#46; Los resultados del perfil de autoinmunidad mostraron valores elevados de anticuerpos antip&#233;ptido citrulinado c&#237;clico &#40;381<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>UI&#41; y de factor reumatoide &#40;200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>UI&#41;&#44; con valores similares a determinaciones previas&#46; El perfil b&#225;sico de orina no mostr&#243; alteraciones significativas&#46; Los anticuerpos anticitoplasma de los neutr&#243;filos s&#233;ricos y por inmunofluorescencia fueron negativos&#44; as&#237; como el ElispotTB&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se realiz&#243; una fibrobroncoscopia que no mostr&#243; alteraciones endobronquiales&#44; siendo el estudio microbiol&#243;gico y citol&#243;gico del broncoaspirado y del lavado broncoalveolar negativos&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se realiz&#243; tambi&#233;n una tomograf&#237;a por emisi&#243;n de positrones que mostr&#243; captaci&#243;n anular e irregular de 18F-fluordesoxiglucosa &#250;nicamente en los n&#243;dulos pulmonares con un SUVm&#225;x de 2&#44;9 de la lesi&#243;n localizada en el culmen y de 3&#44;1 en la localizada en l&#237;ngula&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se decidi&#243; realizar biopsia pulmonar con tructut guiada por TAC de la lesi&#243;n en l&#237;ngula&#46; El estudio histopatol&#243;gico mostr&#243; una lesi&#243;n inflamatoria granulomatosa asociada a vasculitis compatible con granulomatosis con poliangitis &#40;antes conocida como granulomatosis de Wegener&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>C&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ante la sospecha diagn&#243;stica de granulomatosis con poliangitis asociada a la administraci&#243;n de etanercept&#44; se suspendi&#243; dicho f&#225;rmaco y se inici&#243; tratamiento con prednisona a dosis de 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;d&#237;a en pauta descendente y se sustituy&#243; la terapia biol&#243;gica de base de la AR por tocilizumab &#40;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;mes&#41;&#46; La TAC de t&#243;rax realizada 3 meses despu&#233;s mostr&#243; resoluci&#243;n de las lesiones&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La exclusi&#243;n de otras complicaciones pulmonares&#44; la asociaci&#243;n temporal con la administraci&#243;n del f&#225;rmaco y la completa y r&#225;pida resoluci&#243;n de las lesiones pulmonares tras su retirada y el tratamiento con corticosteroides confirman el diagn&#243;stico de vasculitis secundaria al tratamiento con etanercept&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El espectro de manifestaciones pulmonares de la AR es amplio e incluye afectaci&#243;n del par&#233;nquima &#40;enfermedad pulmonar intersticial&#44; n&#243;dulos pulmonares&#41;&#44; de la v&#237;a a&#233;rea &#40;bronquiolitis obliterante&#44; bronquiectasias&#41;&#44; de la pleura &#40;derrame&#44; f&#237;stula broncopleural&#44; neumot&#243;rax&#41; y de la vasculatura pulmonar &#40;hipertensi&#243;n pulmonar&#44; enfermedad tromboemb&#243;lica&#41;&#44; pudiendo preceder a la cl&#237;nica articular en el 10-20&#37; de los casos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46; El presente caso demuestra que en el diagn&#243;stico diferencial debemos tambi&#233;n incluir los efectos secundarios de la terapia inmunomoduladora utilizada en su tratamiento &#40;toxicidad&#44; infecci&#243;n&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los mecanismos por los que el tratamiento con anti-TNF&#945; desencadena la formaci&#243;n de anticuerpos y procesos autoinmunes no son del todo conocidos&#46; Existe evidencia de que el tratamiento con anti-TNF&#945; se asocia a una producci&#243;n mayor de anticuerpos antinucleares&#44; con una frecuencia variable dependiendo del tipo de anti-TNF&#945; empleado&#46; En el caso del etanercept la presencia de anticuerpos antinucleares oscila entre el 11-54&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#8211;9</span></a>&#44; habi&#233;ndose asociado tambi&#233;n al desarrollo de otras enfermedades de base autoinmune como la vasculitis leucocitocl&#225;stica&#44; la nodulosis reumatoidea acelerada y las vasculitis asociadas a anticuerpos anticitoplasma de los neutr&#243;filos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46; Las manifestaciones cl&#237;nicas son variables&#46; De hecho&#44; y de forma similar a nuestro caso&#44; los pacientes no suelen presentar s&#237;ntomas sist&#233;micos asociados&#46; Se considera que la vasculitis asociada a la terapia con anti-TNF es una complicaci&#243;n poco frecuente y en la mayor&#237;a de los casos se presenta con compromiso exclusivamente cut&#225;neo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#44; siendo la afectaci&#243;n pulmonar en estos pacientes una complicaci&#243;n rara&#46; As&#237;&#44; Ramos-Casals et al&#46; en una cohorte de 233 pacientes con enfermedades autoinmunes inducidas por el tratamiento con anti-TNF&#945;&#44; describen el desarrollo de vasculitis en 133 casos de los que &#250;nicamente 3 presentaron compromiso pulmonar &#40;3&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#46; El tratamiento consisti&#243; en la retirada del f&#225;rmaco y la administraci&#243;n de glucocorticoides&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En conclusi&#243;n&#44; si bien los anti-TNF&#945; ofrecen claras ventajas con relaci&#243;n al abordaje terap&#233;utico de la AR&#44; estos deben utilizarse con precauci&#243;n y ser monitorizados en especial en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar preexistente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#46; El desarrollo de lesiones y&#47;o infiltrados pulmonares durante el tratamiento con anti-TNF obliga&#44; en primer lugar&#44; a descartar procesos infecciosos&#46; Si los resultados no son concluyentes&#44; los infiltrados son persistentes y el &#237;ndice de sospecha es elevado&#44; es recomendable realizar pruebas invasivas como la biopsia transbronquial&#44; la criobiopsia&#44; la biopsia guiada por tomograf&#237;a o incluso la biopsia quir&#250;rgica con el fin de obtener una diagn&#243;stico definitivo que nos permita indicar el tratamiento correcto&#46;</p></span>"
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Article information
ISSN: 03002896
Original language: Spanish
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