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        "titulo" => "Lung Cancer Screening&#58; Fourteen Year Experience of the Pamplona Early Detection Program &#40;P-IELCAP&#41;"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Curvas de supervivencia de Kaplan Meier para &#40;A&#41; el n&#250;mero total de participantes con c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n y &#40;B&#41; aquellos en estadio<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">i</span>&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los estudios de cribado de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n con tomograf&#237;a tor&#225;cica de baja dosis de radiaci&#243;n &#40;TBDR&#41; comenzaron hace casi 2 d&#233;cadas&#44; cuyos resultados sugirieron que el cribado era &#250;til para detectar casos de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n en fases tempranas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1-4</span></a>&#46; El Programa Internacional de Detecci&#243;n Precoz de C&#225;ncer de Pulm&#243;n &#40;I-ELCAP&#41;&#44; un ensayo que incluy&#243; a m&#225;s de 30&#46;000 sujetos para participar en un programa de cribado con TBDR&#44; encontr&#243; que el 85&#37; de sus casos de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n se encontraban en estadio cl&#237;nico<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">i</span>&#44; con una tasa estimada de supervivencia a 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os del 88&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; Posteriormente&#44; los resultados del <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">National Lung Screening Trial</span> &#40;NLST&#41; mostraron una reducci&#243;n significativa de la mortalidad espec&#237;fica por c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n en el grupo de cribado con TBDR<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46; Estos estudios alentaron al grupo de trabajo estadounidense <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">United States Preventive Task Force</span> &#40;USPSTF&#41; a recomendar el cribado con TBDR para el c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La experiencia europea en cribado de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n es muy importante&#46; Resultados iniciales de una cohorte alemana fueron publicados en 2002 y&#44; m&#225;s tarde&#44; en 2012 el ensayo <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Lung Cancer Screening Intervention</span> &#40;LUSI&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;8</span></a>&#46; Otros pa&#237;ses europeos&#44; como los Pa&#237;ses Bajos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#44; B&#233;lgica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#44; Francia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#44; Dinamarca<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> e Italia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;13</span></a>&#44; con los estudios <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NEderlands Leuvens longkanker Screenings ONderzoek</span> &#40;NELSON&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#44; DEPISCAN<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Danish Lung Cancer Screening Trial</span> &#40;DLCST&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Detection and Screening of Early Lung Cancer by Novel Imaging Technology and Molecular Essays</span> &#40;DANTE&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> e ITALUNG<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#44; respectivamente&#44; tambi&#233;n han sido activos en este terreno&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hasta hace poco&#44; antes que el Instituto Oncol&#243;gico de Valencia &#40;IVO&#41; se uniera como sede de I-ELCAP y empezara a reunir participantes para dicho estudio&#44; la experiencia en Espa&#241;a se limitaba a un &#250;nico centro en Pamplona donde se realizaba cribado de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n de forma activa desde el a&#241;o 2000&#44; tambi&#233;n como parte de I-ELCAP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; Los datos preliminares de nuestros primeros a&#241;os de cribado ya se han descrito con anterioridad&#44; aunque se centraban en el valor del enfisema y la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica &#40;EPOC&#41; como factores de riesgo para el c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n&#44; as&#237; como el uso de la tomograf&#237;a por emisi&#243;n de positrones &#40;PET&#41; con F-18-fluorodeoxiglucosa<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;15</span></a>&#46; Con m&#225;s de una d&#233;cada de experiencia y el doble de pacientes cribados y c&#225;nceres diagnosticados&#44; re-analizamos toda nuestra cohorte para describir los resultados del programa activo de cribado de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n m&#225;s largo de Espa&#241;a&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Materiales y m&#233;todos</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Participantes</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los sujetos considerados para el estudio pertenecen al Programa Internacional de Detecci&#243;n Precoz de C&#225;ncer de Pulm&#243;n con TBDR de Pamplona &#40;P-IELCAP&#41;&#44; en Espa&#241;a&#44; y fueron reclutados entre septiembre de 2000 y abril de 2014&#44; como parte del I-ELCAP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; Detalles espec&#237;ficos sobre el reclutamiento de sujetos&#44; las caracter&#237;sticas de la TBDR&#44; el protocolo de detecci&#243;n de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n&#44; la evaluaci&#243;n de enfisema y obstrucci&#243;n al flujo a&#233;reo&#44; han sido detallados anteriormente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;16</span></a>&#46; En s&#237;ntesis&#44; incluimos varones y mujeres&#44; de 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os o m&#225;s&#44; fumadores o ex<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>fumadores con historial de tabaquismo de &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10 paquetes-a&#241;o&#44; sin s&#237;ntomas de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n&#46; A diferencia de nuestro estudio anterior&#44; ampliamos nuestros datos basales e incluimos estado de tabaquismo &#40;fumador o ex<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>fumador&#41;&#44; &#237;ndice de masa corporal &#40;IMC&#44; calculado dividiendo el peso del sujeto en kilos por el cuadrado de su altura en metros&#41;&#44; antecedentes familiares del c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n &#40;presente o ausente&#41; y tiempo desde que han dejado de fumar en a&#241;os&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A cada participante se le realiz&#243; una TBDR y una espirometr&#237;a al inicio del estudio y en la visita de revisi&#243;n al a&#241;o o antes&#44; conforme al protocolo del I-ELCAP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#46; A aquellos sujetos con un TBDR negativo &#40;sin n&#243;dulos pulmonares o con n&#243;dulos no calcificados &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41; se les programaba una visita anual&#46; Para los resultados positivos &#40;n&#243;dulo no calcificado &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41; se precisaron estudios diagn&#243;sticos adicionales&#44; incluyendo cualquiera de los siguientes&#44; en funci&#243;n del tama&#241;o y las caracter&#237;sticas del n&#243;dulo&#58; PET&#44; antibi&#243;ticos&#44; repetici&#243;n de la TBDR a los 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>meses&#44; punci&#243;n-aspiraci&#243;n por aguja fina o biopsia quir&#250;rgica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#46; A los sujetos cuyas pruebas no sugirieron ni confirmaron neoplasia maligna se les invit&#243; a continuar con el cribado anual&#46; Tambi&#233;n se realiz&#243; el seguimiento anual a los participantes diagnosticados con c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n&#46; No hubo l&#237;mites en cuanto al n&#250;mero de rondas de cribado&#46; El enfisema se midi&#243; cualitativamente y la obstrucci&#243;n al flujo a&#233;reo se estableci&#243; seg&#250;n las recomendaciones de la <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Global initiative for chronic Obstructive Lung Disease</span> &#40;GOLD&#41; &#40;relaci&#243;n de volumen respiratorio forzado en el primer segundo&#47;capacidad vital forzada &#91;VEF1&#47;CVF&#93;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>70&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#46; La Comisi&#243;n de &#201;tica de la Universidad de Navarra aprob&#243; el protocolo del ensayo y todos los sujetos firmaron un consentimiento informado antes de su inclusi&#243;n&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">An&#225;lisis de datos</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los datos cuantitativos con distribuci&#243;n normal se muestran como promedio &#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>desviaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar &#40;DE&#41; y los datos que no siguen una distribuci&#243;n normal se muestran como mediana y rango intercuartil &#40;IQR&#41;&#46; Los datos categ&#243;ricos se describieron mediante frecuencias relativas&#46; Los datos de fiabilidad interlector y coeficiente &#954; para la evaluaci&#243;n visual del enfisema mediante TBDR&#44; se mencionan en nuestro estudio anterior<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las proporciones de prevalencia e incidencia de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n se calcularon en funci&#243;n de si el diagn&#243;stico se realiz&#243; con el TBDR basal o en alguna de las rondas de seguimiento&#44; respectivamente&#46; Los c&#225;lculos se basaron en el n&#250;mero de sujetos a los que se les diagnostic&#243; c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n&#46; Al dividir la tasa de incidencia entre la mediana del tiempo de seguimiento&#44; se obtuvo la tasa de detecci&#243;n anual de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n&#46; El inverso de &#233;ste &#250;ltimo estim&#243; el n&#250;mero de personas que habr&#237;a que cribar en un a&#241;o para detectar un caso de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n &#40;NND&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se emple&#243; el m&#233;todo de riesgos proporcionales de Cox para evaluar el riesgo de desarrollar c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n respecto a diversas variables&#44; con especial &#233;nfasis en EPOC y enfisema&#46; Las variables empleadas para ajustar el an&#225;lisis multifactorial incluyeron edad&#44; sexo&#44; paquetes-a&#241;o de tabaquismo&#44; IMC&#44; antecedentes familiares de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n y si era fumador al inicio del estudio&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se revisaron las historias cl&#237;nicas para obtener los datos de mortalidad de los pacientes con c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n y se elabor&#243; una curva de supervivencia de Kaplan-Meier&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se consider&#243; estad&#237;sticamente significativo un valor p inferior a 0&#44;05&#46; Todos los an&#225;lisis estad&#237;sticos se realizaron mediante SPSS Statistics 20&#46;0 para Windows &#40;IBM&#44; Chicago&#44; IL&#44; EE&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>UU&#46;&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Resultados</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se incluy&#243; a un total de 2&#46;989 sujetos en el programa de cribado&#46; En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a> se enumeran sus caracter&#237;sticas iniciales&#46; Los participantes fueron predominantemente varones &#40;73&#37;&#41;&#44; con una mediana de edad de 55<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os &#40;49-62&#41;&#46; La mayor&#237;a eran fumadores en el momento de inicio del estudio&#44; con un historial de tabaquismo de 32 &#40;20-46&#41; paquetes-a&#241;o&#46; El 25&#37; de la poblaci&#243;n estudiada presentaba EPOC&#44; de los cuales el 93&#37; ten&#237;an enfermedad leve o moderada &#40;grados GOLD<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1 o 2&#41; y el 24&#37;&#44; signos de enfisema en la TBDR inicial&#46; M&#225;s de la mitad de la muestra particip&#243; en 2 o m&#225;s rondas de cribado&#46; No hubo diferencias significativas en las caracter&#237;sticas iniciales entre los participantes que intervinieron en una&#44; y dos o m&#225;s rondas&#44; excepto por lo que respecta a la distribuci&#243;n de la gravedad de la EPOC &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46; Aquellos participantes adherentes al estudio tuvieron una mediana de seguimiento de 42 &#40;22-73&#41; meses y 3 &#40;2-5&#41; rondas de cribado&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se diagnostic&#243; a un total de 53 participantes con c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n&#58; 29 en la primera ronda de cribado &#40;1&#44;0&#37; de proporci&#243;n de prevalencia&#41; y 24 en las siguientes rondas &#40;1&#44;4&#37; de proporci&#243;n de incidencia&#41;&#46; Tras la ronda inicial de cribado&#44; la tasa de detecci&#243;n anual de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n fue 0&#44;41 y el n&#250;mero estimado de sujetos necesarios cribar en un a&#241;o para detectar un c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n fue 245&#46; Se detectaron 2 tumores sincr&#243;nicos en un participante en su octava ronda anual de cribado &#40;carcinoma epidermoide y adenocarcinoma&#41; y se diagnostic&#243; un segundo c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n en 6 sujetos con c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n prevalente en una de las visitas de seguimiento &#40;tumor metacr&#243;nico&#41;&#46; La diferencia entre los 2 diagn&#243;sticos fue 48 &#40;34-75&#41; meses&#46; Todos los tumores metacr&#243;nicos presentaron el mismo patr&#243;n histol&#243;gico y estadio que el primer tumor&#44; excepto 2 casos&#44; donde se detect&#243; un estadio m&#225;s avanzado en el segundo c&#225;ncer&#46; De las 60 muestras disponibles&#44; la gran mayor&#237;a de c&#225;nceres de pulm&#243;n fueron carcinomas no microc&#237;ticos de pulm&#243;n &#40;CNMP&#41;&#44; de los cuales el 55&#37; fueron adenocarcinomas&#44; seguidos por los carcinomas epidermoides &#40;22&#37;&#41;&#46; M&#225;s de un tercio de los adenocarcinomas identificados presentaban un componente de carcinoma in situ&#46; El 82&#37; de los c&#225;nceres se encontraban en fase precoz &#40;estadios<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">i</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">ii</span>&#41; y el 7&#37;&#44; en estadio<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">iv</span>&#46; De los 5 casos de carcinoma microc&#237;tico de pulm&#243;n &#40;CMP&#41;&#44; 4 fueron enfermedad avanzada&#46; En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a> se muestran las caracter&#237;sticas de los casos de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n de toda nuestra cohorte&#44; y estratificada por ronda de cribado&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las diferencias entre los sujetos con y sin c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n figuran en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabla 3</a>&#46; Los sujetos con c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n eran significativamente mayores &#40;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os de diferencia&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#44; ten&#237;an un historial de tabaquismo mayor &#40;diferencia de 20 paquetes-a&#241;o&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41; con una proporci&#243;n significativamente mayor de obstrucci&#243;n a&#233;rea y enfisema&#46; Tambi&#233;n se observ&#243; una peor funci&#243;n pulmonar expresada como menor VEF1&#37; predicho &#40;VEF1&#37;p&#41; y menor relaci&#243;n VEF1&#47;CVF en los participantes que desarrollaron c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">tabla 4</a>A se muestran los resultados del an&#225;lisis monofactorial&#46; Se hall&#243; una asociaci&#243;n significativa entre c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n y edad&#44; n&#250;mero de paquetes-a&#241;o&#44; EPOC&#44; enfisema y volumen espiratorio forzado en el primer segundo como porcentaje del predicho &#40;VEF1&#37;p&#41;&#46; En el an&#225;lisis multifactorial&#44; tras ajustarlo por edad&#44; sexo y paquetes-a&#241;o &#40;modelo<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#41;&#44; la EPOC y el enfisema fueron factores de riesgo significativos para el c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n &#40;HR 4&#44;52&#59; IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37;&#58; 2&#44;50-8&#44;18&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#59; HR 4&#44;52&#59; IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37;&#58; 2&#44;56-7&#44;95&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#44; respectivamente&#41;&#46; Despu&#233;s de a&#241;adir el IMC&#44; la condici&#243;n de fumador al inicio del estudio y los antecedentes familiares de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n al modelo anterior&#44; el riesgo se atenu&#243; ligeramente&#44; sin que fuera menos significativo&#46; En el modelo<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44; donde se incluyeron EPOC y enfisema en un modelo &#250;nico&#44; ambos siguieron siendo factores de riesgo significativos&#58; HR 3&#44;41&#59; IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;85-6&#44;29&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#44; y HR 3&#44;26&#59; IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;82-5&#44;85&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001 para EPOC y enfisema&#44; respectivamente &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">tabla 4</a>B&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fallecieron 12 pacientes diagnosticados con c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n &#40;23&#37;&#41;&#46; La mayor&#237;a &#40;58&#37;&#41; presentaba enfermedad avanzada &#40;c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n en estadios<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">iii</span>-<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">iv</span> o enfermedad avanzada en CMP&#41;&#46; La tasa de supervivencia a 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os entre los 53 sujetos con c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n fue del 70&#37;&#46; Si consideramos solo a los sujetos con c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n en estadio<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">i</span>&#44; la tasa de supervivencia a 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os mejor&#243; hasta el 80&#37;&#46; El promedio de supervivencia fue 110 &#40;IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37;&#58; 93-127&#41; meses y 127 &#40;IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37;&#58; 111-143&#41; meses para todos los sujetos diagnosticados con c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n y los que ten&#237;an enfermedad en estadio<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">i&#44;</span> respectivamente &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este estudio presenta la experiencia del programa de cribado de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n con TBDR m&#225;s largo de Espa&#241;a y contribuye a la experiencia europea en este asunto&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nuestros resultados son comparables con lo publicado en otros pa&#237;ses en cuanto a prevalencia&#44; incidencia&#44; histolog&#237;a y estadificaci&#243;n del c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n&#46; Si consideramos &#250;nicamente la ronda inicial de cribado&#44; nuestra proporci&#243;n de prevalencia de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n fue del 1&#44;0&#37;&#46; Si bien en el ensayo NLST de Estados Unidos la prevalencia fue del 1&#44;0&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#44; en Europa estas tasas variaron ampliamente en los estudios&#58; del 0&#44;8&#37; en el DLCST hasta el 2&#44;4&#37; en el DEPISCAN<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;11</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">tabla 5</a>A&#41;&#46; El P-IELCAP tuvo la mayor proporci&#243;n de c&#225;nceres de pulm&#243;n en estadio<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">i</span> en la ronda inicial de cribado&#44; con una diferencia media del 30&#37; respecto al resto de estudios&#46; Tan solo el ensayo LUSI mostr&#243; resultados similares a los nuestros&#44; probablemente porque su evaluaci&#243;n tambi&#233;n se basa en el ELCAP&#44; lo que destaca el valor de aplicar un protocolo est&#225;ndar<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;8</span></a>&#46; Los criterios de inclusi&#243;n de cada estudio podr&#237;an explicar las diferencias en las proporciones de prevalencia en comparaci&#243;n con otras cohortes&#46; Por ejemplo&#44; el P-IELCAP reclut&#243; a participantes m&#225;s j&#243;venes con menor umbral de historial de tabaquismo que los empleados en otros estudios&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Al considerar los diagn&#243;sticos de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n en los cribados anuales&#44; la proporci&#243;n de incidencia del P-IELCAP fue del 1&#44;4&#37; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">tabla 5</a>B&#41;&#46; Este resultado fue comparable al del ITALUNG &#40;1&#44;4&#37;&#41;&#44; pero mucho menor que el observado en el DLCST &#40;2&#44;6&#37;&#41; y el DANTE &#40;2&#44;9&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20-22</span></a>&#46; Al ajustar las proporciones de incidencia con la duraci&#243;n de cada estudio &#40;tasa de detecci&#243;n anual&#41;&#44; los resultados fueron m&#225;s homog&#233;neos&#46; La tasa de detecci&#243;n anual del P-IELCAP &#40;0&#44;41&#41; fue comparable a los resultados de los ensayos NELSON &#40;0&#44;45&#41; e ITALUNG &#40;0&#44;36&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20&#44;23</span></a>&#44; mientras que la diferencia respecto al DLCST se atenu&#243; levemente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&#46; Las diferencias entre los estudios podr&#237;an deberse a los criterios de inclusi&#243;n de cada ensayo&#44; los m&#233;todos de reclutamiento &#40;como invitaciones por correo masivo empleados en otros estudios&#41;&#44; el protocolo de TBDR &#40;colimaci&#243;n y espesor del corte&#41;&#44; n&#250;mero de rondas de cribado e intervalo entre cada ronda&#44; protocolo de evaluaci&#243;n de n&#243;dulo&#47;c&#225;ncer pulmonar &#40;di&#225;metro o volumen del n&#243;dulo o tiempo de duplicaci&#243;n del n&#243;dulo&#41;&#44; entre otros&#46; Las caracter&#237;sticas inherentes de los participantes respecto a la zona geogr&#225;fica a la que pertenecen tambi&#233;n podr&#237;an afectar los resultados&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El adenocarcinoma fue el patr&#243;n histol&#243;gico m&#225;s frecuente hallado en nuestro estudio&#44; en consonancia con las observaciones de otras cohortes de cribado<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;10&#44;19-21</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La proporci&#243;n de c&#225;nceres de pulm&#243;n en estadio<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">i</span> detectados en las rondas de incidencia se redujo significativamente en el P-IELCAP &#40;del 89 al 57&#37;&#41;&#46; En cuanto a los estudios europeos mencionados&#44; solo el ensayo DANTE mostr&#243; un comportamiento similar&#44; pero no de la misma envergadura<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46; Sin embargo&#44; esta tendencia tambi&#233;n se ha identificado en otros estudios<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&#44; como el <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Lung Screening Study</span> &#40;53 al 25&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&#44; el <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pittsburgh Lung Screening Study</span> &#40;58 al 37&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> y un estudio de Swensen et al&#46; &#40;71&#37; a 50&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&#46; La propoci&#243;n de c&#225;nceres en estadio<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">i</span> hallada en las rondas de incidencia del P-IELCAP &#40;57&#37;&#41; est&#225; en l&#237;nea con otras series&#44; como DANTE &#40;53&#37;&#41; y NLST &#40;65&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;28</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tal y como ya se ha explicado&#44; el P-IELCAP fue uno de los muchos centros que particip&#243; en el I-ELCAP&#44; y una parte de nuestra cohorte se incluy&#243; en el art&#237;culo de 2006 donde se reuni&#243; a m&#225;s de 30&#46;000 participantes de centros en Norteam&#233;rica&#44; Europa y Asia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; Con solo una fracci&#243;n de participantes de este &#250;ltimo &#40;11&#37;&#41;&#44; los resultados del P-IELCAP concordaron con los del I-ELCAP&#44; especialmente en la ronda inicial de cribado &#40;1&#44;3&#37; de prevalencia y 85&#37; de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n en estadio<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">i</span> en el I-ELCAP&#44; en comparaci&#243;n con el 1&#37; de prevalencia y el 89&#37; de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n en estadio<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">i</span> en el P-IELCAP&#41;&#46; No obstante&#44; se hallaron algunas diferencias en las rondas de incidencia&#44; ya que aunque la proporci&#243;n de incidencia fue mucho menor en el I-ELCAP &#40;0&#44;3&#37; vs&#46;1&#44;4&#37; en el P-IELCAP&#41;&#44; I-ELCAP mantuvo una alta tasa de detecci&#243;n de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n en estadio<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">i</span> &#40;86&#37; vs&#46; 57&#37; en el P-IELCAP&#41;&#46; A pesar de esta diferencia&#44; las tasas de supervivencia a 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os en pacientes con patolog&#237;a en estadio<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">i</span> fueron comparables en ambos estudios &#40;80&#37; en P-IELCAP y 88&#37; en I-ELCAP&#44; respectivamente&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>B&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Estos resultados muestran que el cribado de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n con TBDR en un centro espa&#241;ol resulta viable y efectivo&#46; Sin embargo&#44; este estudio se realiz&#243; en un centro privado y podr&#237;a no ser totalmente reproducible en instituciones p&#250;blicas en un pa&#237;s donde predomina la asistencia sanitaria p&#250;blica&#46; En esas circunstancias&#44; el uso de recursos y los costes podr&#237;an suponer limitaciones importantes&#46; En cuanto a la rentabilidad&#44; un an&#225;lisis actuarial de una poblaci&#243;n de alto riesgo en Estados Unidos sugiri&#243; que ofrecer cribado de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n como prestaci&#243;n de un seguro salvar&#237;a vidas a un coste relativamente bajo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>&#46; Un aspecto claro y fundado en la mayor&#237;a de protocolos es que el cribado deber&#237;a realizarse en centros m&#233;dicos con equipos multidisciplinares y centr&#225;ndose en poblaci&#243;n de alto riesgo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30&#44;31</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nuestro estudio confirma adem&#225;s el valor de la EPOC y el enfisema como factores de riesgo importantes para el c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n en los programas de cribado&#46; Ninguno de los estudios europeos aqu&#237; citados ha realizado esta evaluaci&#243;n&#46; En cualquier caso&#44; el NLST y el <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pittsburgh Lung Screening Study</span> &#40;PLuSS&#41; han confirmado el valor del enfisema a la hora de seleccionar a pacientes de alto riesgo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32&#44;33</span></a>&#46; Esta observaci&#243;n se confirma adem&#225;s&#44; al medir la densidad de incidencia de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n&#44; donde la EPOC y el enfisema triplican los valores de la cohorte original &#40;23 y 21 c&#225;nceres de pulm&#243;n por 1&#46;000 personas&#47;a&#241;o&#44; respectivamente&#44; al compararlo con la cohorte completa&#44; 7 c&#225;nceres de pulm&#243;n por 1&#46;000 personas&#47;a&#241;o&#41;&#46; Resulta interesante que si un sujeto presentaba tanto EPOC como enfisema&#44; la densidad de incidencia era m&#225;xima &#40;39 c&#225;nceres de pulm&#243;n por 1&#46;000 personas&#47;a&#241;o&#41;&#46; Entre los pacientes con EPOC&#44; la mayor&#237;a de diagn&#243;sticos de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n se realizaron en sujetos con patolog&#237;a leve &#40;33 casos en pacientes GOLD<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1 y 2&#44; mientras que solo se detectaron 2 c&#225;nceres de pulm&#243;n en pacientes con EPOC severo&#41;&#46; Nuestros resultados coinciden con los de la cohorte de BODE&#44; donde tambi&#233;n se observ&#243; un incremento del riesgo en los casos de enfermedad leve<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34&#44;35</span></a>&#46; Sin embargo&#44; contrasta con los datos del PLuSS&#44; donde los pacientes con EPOC grave presentaban un riesgo significativamente mayor de sufrir c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&#46; En los 2 &#250;ltimos decenios&#44; los estudios han sido coherentes al describir la relaci&#243;n entre la EPOC y el c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n&#44; e incluso se ha confirmado su importancia en un entorno de cribado de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;32&#44;36&#44;37</span></a>&#46; Otros factores&#44; como el tiempo transcurrido entre el diagn&#243;stico de EPOC y la aparici&#243;n del c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n&#44; tambi&#233;n han mostrado una fuerte asociaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nuestro estudio tiene algunas limitaciones&#46; En primer lugar&#44; el P-IELCAP es un ensayo de cribado monoc&#233;ntrico de grupo &#250;nico de estudio&#44; de modo que las comparaciones con los ensayos aleatorizados que se mencionan deben interpretarse con cautela&#46; Dichos estudios se eligieron con el fin de comparar la experiencia espa&#241;ola con la de otros pa&#237;ses europeos&#46; De fuera de Europa&#44; solo se incluyeron los resultados del ensayo NLST porque son una referencia en este campo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46; En segundo lugar&#44; la adherencia al cribado en nuestro estudio fue baja&#58; solo el 56&#37; de los participantes intervinieron en&#44; al menos&#44; una segunda ronda de cribado&#44; en comparaci&#243;n con la adherencia superior al 90&#37; observada en la mayor&#237;a de los ensayos citados&#46; Esta ser&#237;a una limitaci&#243;n importante si compar&#225;semos los resultados globales&#46; Creemos que minimizamos esta limitaci&#243;n al medir las proporciones de prevalencia e incidencia independientemente&#44; con los participantes que intervinieron en una y dos o m&#225;s rondas de cribado&#44; respectivamente&#46; De este modo&#44; el grupo de adherencia fue comparable con los dem&#225;s ensayos en cuanto a seguimiento y n&#250;mero de rondas de cribado&#46; Ya hemos analizado previamente la cuesti&#243;n de la baja adherencia en nuestro programa de cribado&#46; Descubrimos que variaba en funci&#243;n del sexo&#44; la distancia al centro de referencia&#44; la motivaci&#243;n del participante y la percepci&#243;n del riesgo&#44; entre otros<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a>&#46; En tercer lugar&#44; es probable que exista un sesgo de selecci&#243;n&#44; sobre todo un efecto de voluntario sano&#46; Esto &#250;ltimo ya ha sido descrito con detenimiento por Dominioni et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a> en un entorno de cribado radiol&#243;gico de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n&#44; donde los participantes del grupo de intervenci&#243;n tuvieron mayor mortalidad por c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n que el grupo control&#46; En nuestro estudio&#44; aunque no hubo diferencias significativas en la funci&#243;n pulmonar inicial &#40;FEV1&#37;p&#41; entre los que intervinieron en una o m&#225;s rondas de cribado&#44; en el subgrupo de pacientes con EPOC los casos m&#225;s leves fueron los que mejor hab&#237;an cumplido el calendario de consultas programadas&#46; No tratamos el tema del sobrediagn&#243;stico en este estudio porque no hay grupo control&#46; No obstante&#44; la reducci&#243;n significativa de la mortalidad por c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n en el NLST demuestra que el sobrediagn&#243;stico no resulta limitante<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46; En &#250;ltimo lugar&#44; en cuanto a posibles procedimientos innecesarios o falsos positivos&#44; nos referimos al estudio I-ELCAP original&#44; donde el 92&#37; de las biopsias &#40;492 de 535&#41; realizadas tras una TBDR positiva conllev&#243; un diagn&#243;stico de neoplasia maligna<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Concluimos que la experiencia del programa de cribado de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n m&#225;s largo de Espa&#241;a es comparable con lo descrito en el resto de Europa&#44; y confirma la viabilidad y la eficacia de este programa&#44; empleando la TBDR&#46; La EPOC y el enfisema son factores de riesgo importantes para el c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n y deber&#237;an tenerse en cuenta a la hora de seleccionar a los sujetos de alto riesgo para los programas de cribado&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Financiaci&#243;n</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este trabajo ha sido financiado parcialmente con una beca &#40;RD12&#47;0036&#47;0062&#41; de la Red Tem&#225;tica de Investigaci&#243;n Cooperativa en C&#225;ncer &#40;RTICC&#41;&#44; Instituto de Salud Carlos<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>III &#40;ISCIII&#41;&#44; Ministerio Espa&#241;ol de Econom&#237;a y Competitividad y el Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional &#40;FEDER&#41; &#171;Una manera de hacer Europa&#187;&#46; Proyectos FIS&#58; PI04&#47;2404&#44; PI07&#47;0792&#44; PI10&#47;01652&#44; PI11&#47;01626&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Contribuciones al estudio</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dise&#241;o&#58; PSS&#44; JB&#44; JPdT&#44; AC&#44; ABA&#44; AV&#44; JCP&#44; MDL&#44; MJGV&#44; LMS&#44; JG&#44; GB&#44; JJZ&#59; An&#225;lisis e interpretaci&#243;n&#58; PSS&#44; JPdT&#44; LMS&#44; JJZ&#59; Redacci&#243;n del art&#237;culo en cuanto a contenido intelectual importante&#58; PSS&#44; JPdT&#44; LMS&#44; JJZ&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Materiales y m&#233;todos"
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            0 => array:2 [
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              "titulo" => "Participantes"
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          "titulo" => "Resultados"
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        7 => array:2 [
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          "titulo" => "Discusi&#243;n"
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          "titulo" => "Financiaci&#243;n"
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        10 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0055"
          "titulo" => "Conflicto de intereses"
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          "titulo" => "Bibliograf&#237;a"
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    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2014-07-29"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2014-09-10"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec490195"
          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Cribado de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n"
            1 => "TBDR"
            2 => "Enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica"
            3 => "Enfisema"
            4 => "Espa&#241;a"
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      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec490194"
          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Lung cancer screening"
            1 => "LDCT"
            2 => "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"
            3 => "Emphysema"
            4 => "Spain"
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    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "es" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introducci&#243;n y objetivos</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La experiencia europea en relaci&#243;n con el cribado de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n con tomograf&#237;a de baja dosis de radiaci&#243;n &#40;TBDR&#41; es amplia&#46; Sin embargo&#44; la evidencia sobre la experiencia en Espa&#241;a es limitada&#46; Nuestro objetivo es presentar los resultados del programa de cribado de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n m&#225;s largo de Espa&#241;a&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El Programa Internacional de Detecci&#243;n Precoz de C&#225;ncer de Pulm&#243;n con TBDR de Pamplona &#40;P-IELCAP&#41; viene reclutando individuos de manera activa desde el a&#241;o 2000 siguiendo el protocolo IELCAP&#46; Se incluyen individuos &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>40 a&#241;os de edad&#44; fumadores o ex<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>fumadores &#40;consumo acumulado &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10 paquetes-a&#241;o&#41;&#46; Los resultados se comparan con los de otros estudios europeos&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Resultados</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Un total de 2&#46;989 participantes fueron reclutados hasta marzo de 2014 &#40;73&#37; varones&#41;&#44; realizando una mediana de 2 &#40;IQR 1-3&#41; rondas de cribado por individuo&#46; Se detectaron 60 c&#225;nceres de pulm&#243;n en 53 participantes &#40;73&#37; en estadio<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">i</span>&#41;&#46; Adenocarcinoma fue el tipo histol&#243;gico m&#225;s frecuente&#46; La proporci&#243;n de prevalencia e incidencia de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n fue del 1&#44;0 y del 1&#44;4&#37;&#44; respectivamente&#44; con una tasa de detecci&#243;n anual de 0&#44;41&#46; La tasa de supervivencia a 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os de los pacientes con c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n fue del 70&#37;&#46; La enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica y el enfisema son importantes factores de riesgo para desarrollar c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La experiencia del programa de cribado de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n m&#225;s largo de Espa&#241;a es comparable con lo descrito en el resto de Europa y confirma la viabilidad y la eficacia del cribado mediante TBDR&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Introducci&#243;n y objetivos"
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          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "M&#233;todos"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
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          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
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      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introduction and objectives</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">European experience regarding lung cancer screening using low-dose chest CT &#40;LDCT&#41; is available&#46; However&#44; there is limited data on the Spanish experience in this matter&#46; Our aim is to present the results from the longest ongoing screening program in Spain&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Methodology</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The Pamplona International Early Lung Cancer Detection Program &#40;P-IELCAP&#41; is actively screening participants for lung cancer using LDCT since year 2000 following the IELCAP protocol&#44; including spirometric assessments&#46; Men and women&#44; &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>years of age&#44; current or former smokers with a tobacco history of &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pack-years are included&#46; Results are compared to those from other European trials&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Results</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A total of 2989 participants were screened until March 2014 &#40;73&#37; male&#41;&#46; A median of 2 &#40;IQR 1-3&#41; annual screening rounds were performed&#46; Sixty lung cancers were detected in 53 participants &#40;73&#37; in Stage<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>I&#41;&#46; Adenocarcinoma was the most frequent&#46; The lung cancer prevalence and incidence proportion was 1&#46;0&#37; and 1&#46;4&#37;&#44; respectively&#44; with an annual detection rate of 0&#46;41&#46; The estimated 10-year survival rate among individuals with lung cancer was 70&#37;&#46; Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema are important lung cancer predictors&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The experience in Spain&#39;s longest lung cancer screening program is comparable to what has been described in the rest of Europe&#44; and confirms the feasibility and efficacy of lung cancer screening using LDCT&#46;</p></span>"
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            "titulo" => "Introduction and objectives"
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            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "Methodology"
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            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Results"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Curvas de supervivencia de Kaplan Meier para &#40;A&#41; el n&#250;mero total de participantes con c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n y &#40;B&#41; aquellos en estadio<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">i</span>&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">GOLD&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Global initiative for chronic Obstructive Lung Disease</span>&#59; IMC&#58; &#237;ndice de masa corporal&#59; P-IELCAP&#58; Programa Internacional de Detecci&#243;n Precoz de C&#225;ncer de Pulm&#243;n con TBDR de Pamplona&#59; TBDR&#58; tomograf&#237;a computarizada tor&#225;cica de baja dosis de radiaci&#243;n&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Caracter&#237;stica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">P-IELCAP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Una ronda de cribado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Dos o m&#225;s rondas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">N&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2&#46;989&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">1&#46;308&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">1&#46;681&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Edad</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">55 &#40;49-62&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">55 &#40;48-62&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">55 &#40;50-62&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hombres&#44; &#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">73&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">71&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">74&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">IMC</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">28<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">28<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">27<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Paquetes-a&#241;o</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">32 &#40;20-46&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">31 &#40;20-48&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">32 &#40;22-46&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fumadores&#44; &#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;89&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tiempo transcurrido desde el &#250;ltimo cigarrillo&#44; a&#241;os</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6 &#40;2-14&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6 &#40;1-13&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7 &#40;2-15&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;048&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Seguimiento&#44; meses</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13 &#40;0&#44;1-49&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;1 &#40;0&#44;1-0&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">42 &#40;22-73&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rondas de cribado por sujeto</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 &#40;1-3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;1-1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 &#40;2-5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Antecedentes familiares de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n&#44; &#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Resultados de la espirometr&#237;a</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Obstrucci&#243;n a&#233;rea &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GOLD 1&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GOLD 2&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GOLD 3&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GOLD 4&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Enfisema en TBDR&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Caracter&#237;sticas iniciales de la poblaci&#243;n del estudio</p>"
        ]
      ]
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        "etiqueta" => "Tabla 2"
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        "mostrarFloat" => true
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        "tabla" => array:3 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CIS&#58; carcinoma in situ&#59; CMP&#58; carcinoma microc&#237;tico de pulm&#243;n&#59; CNMP&#58; carcinoma no microc&#237;tico de pulm&#243;n&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cohorte completa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ronda de prevalencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Rondas de incidencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Participantes con c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Distribuci&#243;n histol&#243;gica&#44; n</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">31&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Adenocarcinoma&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">33 &#40;55&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19 &#40;66&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14 &#40;45&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Epidermoide&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13 &#40;22&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 &#40;14&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9 &#40;29&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">De c&#233;lula grande&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7 &#40;12&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 &#40;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 &#40;13&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Microc&#237;tico&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5 &#40;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 &#40;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 &#40;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Otros&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 &#40;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Componente CIS&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12 &#40;36&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7 &#40;37&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5 &#40;36&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Estadificaci&#243;n</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CNMP&#44; n</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Estadio I&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">40 &#40;73&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">24 &#40;89&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">16 &#40;57&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Estadio II&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5 &#40;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;3&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 &#40;14&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Estadio III&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6 &#40;11&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;3&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5 &#40;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Estadio IV&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 &#40;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;3&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 &#40;11&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CMP&#44; n</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Enfermedad limitada&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;50&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Enfermedad avanzada&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 &#40;80&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;50&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Fallecimientos&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12 &#40;23&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5 &#40;17&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7 &#40;29&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Estadio precoz &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">i</span>-<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">ii</span>&#41;&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5 &#40;42&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 &#40;80&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;14&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Estadio avanzado &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">iii</span>-<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">iv</span>&#41;&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 &#40;33&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 &#40;57&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enfermedad limitada</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enfermedad avanzada</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 &#40;25&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 &#40;29&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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              "identificador" => "tblfn0005"
              "etiqueta" => "a"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Se incluye un paciente con tumor sincr&#243;nico y 6 pacientes con tumores metacr&#243;nicos&#46; El estadio y la histolog&#237;a de cada tumor se tienen en cuenta por separado&#46;</p>"
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              "identificador" => "tblfn0010"
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              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Otros incluyen tumores carcinoides&#46;</p>"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Caracter&#237;sticas de los diagn&#243;sticos de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n</p>"
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        "etiqueta" => "Tabla 3"
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        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">GOLD&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Global initiative for chronic Obstructive Lung Disease</span>&#59; IMC&#58; &#237;ndice de masa corporal&#59; TBDR&#58; tomograf&#237;a computarizada tor&#225;cica de baja dosis de radiaci&#243;n&#46;</p><p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los datos se expresan como promedio<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>desviaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar &#40;DE&#41; o mediana &#40;rango intercuartil&#44; RIC&#41;&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Caracter&#237;stica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">C&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>53&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;936&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Valor p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Edad</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">60 &#40;55-65&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">55 &#40;49-62&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hombres&#44; &#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">83&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">73&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">IMC</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">27<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">28<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Paquetes-a&#241;o</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">52 &#40;37-77&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">31 &#40;20-46&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fumadores&#44; &#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">74&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tiempo transcurrido desde el &#250;ltimo cigarrillo&#44; a&#241;os</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6 &#40;2-18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6 &#40;2-14&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Antecedentes familiares de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n&#44; &#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Resultados de la espirometr&#237;a</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Obstrucci&#243;n a&#233;rea &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">66&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GOLD 1&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">66&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GOLD 2&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GOLD 3&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;81&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GOLD 4&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Enfisema por TBDR &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Diferencias en las caracter&#237;sticas iniciales entre los sujetos con y sin c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n</p>"
        ]
      ]
      4 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0020"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabla 4"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
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        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">EPOC&#58; enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica&#59; VEF1&#37;p&#58; volumen espiratorio forzado en el primer segundo como &#37; del predicho&#59; IMC&#58; &#237;ndice de masa corporal&#59; HR&#58; hazard ratio&#46;&#46;</p><p id="spar0105" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Modelos de adaptaci&#243;n&#46;</span> Modelo 1&#58; edad&#44; sexo&#44; paquetes-a&#241;o de tabaquismo&#46; Modelo 2&#58; edad&#44; sexo&#44; paquetes-a&#241;o&#44; IMC&#44; ser fumador actual y antecedentes familiares de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n&#46; Modelo 3&#58; edad&#44; sexo&#44; paquetes-a&#241;o&#44; EPOC y enfisema&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:2 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HR &#40;IC 95&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; An&#225;lisis monofactorial</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Edad&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;06 &#40;1&#44;03-1&#44;09&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IMC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;94 &#40;0&#44;88-1&#44;01&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Sexo masculino&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;65 &#40;0&#44;81-3&#44;39&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Paquetes-a&#241;o&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;03 &#40;1&#44;02-1&#44;04&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Fumador actual&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;24 &#40;0&#44;68-2&#44;26&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;49&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Antecedentes familiares de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;34 &#40;0&#44;72-2&#44;52&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>EPOC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#44;09 &#40;3&#44;44-10&#44;76&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Enfisema&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#44;57 &#40;3&#44;20-9&#44;68&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>VEF1&#37;p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;97 &#40;0&#44;96-0&#44;98&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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            1 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Modelo 1HR &#40;IC 95&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Modelo 2HR &#40;IC 95&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Modelo 3HR &#40;IC 95&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; An&#225;lisis multifactorial</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>EPOC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#44;52 &#40;2&#44;50-8&#44;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#44;42 &#40;2&#44;44-7&#44;99&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;41 &#40;1&#44;85-6&#44;29&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Enfisema&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#44;52 &#40;2&#44;56-7&#44;95&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#44;20 &#40;2&#44;37-7&#44;44&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;26 &#40;1&#44;82-5&#44;85&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">An&#225;lisis de regresi&#243;n monofactorial y multifactorial de Cox para evaluar el riesgo de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n</p>"
        ]
      ]
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">DANTE&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Detection and Screening of Early Lung Cancer by Novel Imaging Technology and Molecular Essays</span>&#59; DLCST&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Danish Lung Cancer Screening Trial</span>&#59; LUSI&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">German Lung Cancer Screening Intervention Trial</span>&#59; ND&#58; datos no disponibles para el c&#225;lculo&#59; NELSON&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NEderlands Leuvens longkanker Screenings ONderzoek</span>&#59; NLST&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">National Lung Screening Trial</span>&#59; P-IELCAP&#58; Programa Internacional de Detecci&#243;n Precoz de C&#225;ncer de Pulm&#243;n con TBDR de Pamplona&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Estadio I &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; Resultados de la ronda inicial de cribado</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>P-IELCAP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>NELSON<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>LUSI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>DANTE<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cohorte&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Participantes con c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Incidencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Tasa de detecci&#243;n anual&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Estadio I &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; Resultados de la segunda y&#47;o siguientes rondas de cribado</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>P-IELCAP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1681&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;4&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>NLST&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>DLCST&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#44;6&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;66&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">73&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>NELSON<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7294&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">130&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;8&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">74<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ITALUNG<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1263&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>DANTE<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1114&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>LUSI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ND&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ND&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ND&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ND&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ND&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ND&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>DEPISCAN&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ND&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ND&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ND&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ND&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ND&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ND&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab722664.png"
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          "notaPie" => array:2 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0025"
              "etiqueta" => "a"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0025">Estos estudios incluyen a sujetos con tumores sincr&#243;nicos o metacr&#243;nicos&#46; Las tasas de prevalencia e incidencia se basan en el n&#250;mero de sujetos diagnosticados con c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n&#44; en vez del n&#250;mero total de c&#225;nceres&#46;</p>"
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0030"
              "etiqueta" => "b"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0030">Datos solo disponibles de los primeros 54 c&#225;nceres de pulm&#243;n detectados en las rondas de incidencia&#46;</p>"
            ]
          ]
        ]
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Diferencias en las proporciones de prevalencia e incidencia de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n entre estudios</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Bibliograf&#237;a"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:40 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0005"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Early Lung Cancer Action Project&#58; Overall design and findings from baseline screening"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "C&#46;I&#46; Henschke"
                            1 => "D&#46;I&#46; McCauley"
                            2 => "D&#46;F&#46; Yankelevitz"
                            3 => "D&#46;P&#46; Naidich"
                            4 => "G&#46; McGuinness"
                            5 => "O&#46;S&#46; Miettinen"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/S0140-6736(99)06093-6"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Lancet"
                        "fecha" => "1999"
                        "volumen" => "354"
                        "paginaInicial" => "99"
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Original
Cribado de cáncer de pulmón: catorce años de experiencia del Programa Internacional de Detección Precoz de Cáncer de Pulmón con TBDR de Pamplona (P-IELCAP)
Lung Cancer Screening: Fourteen Year Experience of the Pamplona Early Detection Program (P-IELCAP)
Pablo Sanchez-Salcedoa, Juan Bertoa, Juan P. de-Torresa, Arantzazu Campoa, Ana B. Alcaidea, Gorka Bastarrikab, Jesús C. Pueyob, Alberto Villanuevab, José I. Echevestec, Maria D. Lozanoc, María J. García-Vellosod, Luis M. Seijoe, Javier Garcíaf, Wenceslao Torreg, Maria J. Pajaresh, Ruben Píoh, Luis M. Montuengah, Javier J. Zuluetaa,
Corresponding author
jzulueta@unav.es

Autor para correspondencia.
a Departamento de Neumología, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, España
b Departamento de Radiología, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, España
c Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, España
d Departamento de Medicina Nuclear, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, España
e Departamento de Neumología, IIS - Fundación Jiménez Díaz, CIBERES, Madrid, España
f Departamento de Neumología, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Madrid, España
g Departamento de Cirugía Torácica, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, España
h Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada - CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, España
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Curvas de supervivencia de Kaplan Meier para &#40;A&#41; el n&#250;mero total de participantes con c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n y &#40;B&#41; aquellos en estadio<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">i</span>&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los estudios de cribado de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n con tomograf&#237;a tor&#225;cica de baja dosis de radiaci&#243;n &#40;TBDR&#41; comenzaron hace casi 2 d&#233;cadas&#44; cuyos resultados sugirieron que el cribado era &#250;til para detectar casos de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n en fases tempranas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1-4</span></a>&#46; El Programa Internacional de Detecci&#243;n Precoz de C&#225;ncer de Pulm&#243;n &#40;I-ELCAP&#41;&#44; un ensayo que incluy&#243; a m&#225;s de 30&#46;000 sujetos para participar en un programa de cribado con TBDR&#44; encontr&#243; que el 85&#37; de sus casos de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n se encontraban en estadio cl&#237;nico<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">i</span>&#44; con una tasa estimada de supervivencia a 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os del 88&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; Posteriormente&#44; los resultados del <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">National Lung Screening Trial</span> &#40;NLST&#41; mostraron una reducci&#243;n significativa de la mortalidad espec&#237;fica por c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n en el grupo de cribado con TBDR<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46; Estos estudios alentaron al grupo de trabajo estadounidense <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">United States Preventive Task Force</span> &#40;USPSTF&#41; a recomendar el cribado con TBDR para el c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La experiencia europea en cribado de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n es muy importante&#46; Resultados iniciales de una cohorte alemana fueron publicados en 2002 y&#44; m&#225;s tarde&#44; en 2012 el ensayo <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Lung Cancer Screening Intervention</span> &#40;LUSI&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;8</span></a>&#46; Otros pa&#237;ses europeos&#44; como los Pa&#237;ses Bajos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#44; B&#233;lgica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#44; Francia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#44; Dinamarca<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> e Italia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;13</span></a>&#44; con los estudios <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NEderlands Leuvens longkanker Screenings ONderzoek</span> &#40;NELSON&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#44; DEPISCAN<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Danish Lung Cancer Screening Trial</span> &#40;DLCST&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Detection and Screening of Early Lung Cancer by Novel Imaging Technology and Molecular Essays</span> &#40;DANTE&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> e ITALUNG<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#44; respectivamente&#44; tambi&#233;n han sido activos en este terreno&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hasta hace poco&#44; antes que el Instituto Oncol&#243;gico de Valencia &#40;IVO&#41; se uniera como sede de I-ELCAP y empezara a reunir participantes para dicho estudio&#44; la experiencia en Espa&#241;a se limitaba a un &#250;nico centro en Pamplona donde se realizaba cribado de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n de forma activa desde el a&#241;o 2000&#44; tambi&#233;n como parte de I-ELCAP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; Los datos preliminares de nuestros primeros a&#241;os de cribado ya se han descrito con anterioridad&#44; aunque se centraban en el valor del enfisema y la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica &#40;EPOC&#41; como factores de riesgo para el c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n&#44; as&#237; como el uso de la tomograf&#237;a por emisi&#243;n de positrones &#40;PET&#41; con F-18-fluorodeoxiglucosa<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;15</span></a>&#46; Con m&#225;s de una d&#233;cada de experiencia y el doble de pacientes cribados y c&#225;nceres diagnosticados&#44; re-analizamos toda nuestra cohorte para describir los resultados del programa activo de cribado de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n m&#225;s largo de Espa&#241;a&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Materiales y m&#233;todos</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Participantes</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los sujetos considerados para el estudio pertenecen al Programa Internacional de Detecci&#243;n Precoz de C&#225;ncer de Pulm&#243;n con TBDR de Pamplona &#40;P-IELCAP&#41;&#44; en Espa&#241;a&#44; y fueron reclutados entre septiembre de 2000 y abril de 2014&#44; como parte del I-ELCAP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; Detalles espec&#237;ficos sobre el reclutamiento de sujetos&#44; las caracter&#237;sticas de la TBDR&#44; el protocolo de detecci&#243;n de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n&#44; la evaluaci&#243;n de enfisema y obstrucci&#243;n al flujo a&#233;reo&#44; han sido detallados anteriormente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;16</span></a>&#46; En s&#237;ntesis&#44; incluimos varones y mujeres&#44; de 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os o m&#225;s&#44; fumadores o ex<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>fumadores con historial de tabaquismo de &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10 paquetes-a&#241;o&#44; sin s&#237;ntomas de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n&#46; A diferencia de nuestro estudio anterior&#44; ampliamos nuestros datos basales e incluimos estado de tabaquismo &#40;fumador o ex<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>fumador&#41;&#44; &#237;ndice de masa corporal &#40;IMC&#44; calculado dividiendo el peso del sujeto en kilos por el cuadrado de su altura en metros&#41;&#44; antecedentes familiares del c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n &#40;presente o ausente&#41; y tiempo desde que han dejado de fumar en a&#241;os&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A cada participante se le realiz&#243; una TBDR y una espirometr&#237;a al inicio del estudio y en la visita de revisi&#243;n al a&#241;o o antes&#44; conforme al protocolo del I-ELCAP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#46; A aquellos sujetos con un TBDR negativo &#40;sin n&#243;dulos pulmonares o con n&#243;dulos no calcificados &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41; se les programaba una visita anual&#46; Para los resultados positivos &#40;n&#243;dulo no calcificado &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41; se precisaron estudios diagn&#243;sticos adicionales&#44; incluyendo cualquiera de los siguientes&#44; en funci&#243;n del tama&#241;o y las caracter&#237;sticas del n&#243;dulo&#58; PET&#44; antibi&#243;ticos&#44; repetici&#243;n de la TBDR a los 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>meses&#44; punci&#243;n-aspiraci&#243;n por aguja fina o biopsia quir&#250;rgica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#46; A los sujetos cuyas pruebas no sugirieron ni confirmaron neoplasia maligna se les invit&#243; a continuar con el cribado anual&#46; Tambi&#233;n se realiz&#243; el seguimiento anual a los participantes diagnosticados con c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n&#46; No hubo l&#237;mites en cuanto al n&#250;mero de rondas de cribado&#46; El enfisema se midi&#243; cualitativamente y la obstrucci&#243;n al flujo a&#233;reo se estableci&#243; seg&#250;n las recomendaciones de la <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Global initiative for chronic Obstructive Lung Disease</span> &#40;GOLD&#41; &#40;relaci&#243;n de volumen respiratorio forzado en el primer segundo&#47;capacidad vital forzada &#91;VEF1&#47;CVF&#93;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>70&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#46; La Comisi&#243;n de &#201;tica de la Universidad de Navarra aprob&#243; el protocolo del ensayo y todos los sujetos firmaron un consentimiento informado antes de su inclusi&#243;n&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">An&#225;lisis de datos</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los datos cuantitativos con distribuci&#243;n normal se muestran como promedio &#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>desviaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar &#40;DE&#41; y los datos que no siguen una distribuci&#243;n normal se muestran como mediana y rango intercuartil &#40;IQR&#41;&#46; Los datos categ&#243;ricos se describieron mediante frecuencias relativas&#46; Los datos de fiabilidad interlector y coeficiente &#954; para la evaluaci&#243;n visual del enfisema mediante TBDR&#44; se mencionan en nuestro estudio anterior<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las proporciones de prevalencia e incidencia de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n se calcularon en funci&#243;n de si el diagn&#243;stico se realiz&#243; con el TBDR basal o en alguna de las rondas de seguimiento&#44; respectivamente&#46; Los c&#225;lculos se basaron en el n&#250;mero de sujetos a los que se les diagnostic&#243; c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n&#46; Al dividir la tasa de incidencia entre la mediana del tiempo de seguimiento&#44; se obtuvo la tasa de detecci&#243;n anual de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n&#46; El inverso de &#233;ste &#250;ltimo estim&#243; el n&#250;mero de personas que habr&#237;a que cribar en un a&#241;o para detectar un caso de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n &#40;NND&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se emple&#243; el m&#233;todo de riesgos proporcionales de Cox para evaluar el riesgo de desarrollar c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n respecto a diversas variables&#44; con especial &#233;nfasis en EPOC y enfisema&#46; Las variables empleadas para ajustar el an&#225;lisis multifactorial incluyeron edad&#44; sexo&#44; paquetes-a&#241;o de tabaquismo&#44; IMC&#44; antecedentes familiares de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n y si era fumador al inicio del estudio&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se revisaron las historias cl&#237;nicas para obtener los datos de mortalidad de los pacientes con c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n y se elabor&#243; una curva de supervivencia de Kaplan-Meier&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se consider&#243; estad&#237;sticamente significativo un valor p inferior a 0&#44;05&#46; Todos los an&#225;lisis estad&#237;sticos se realizaron mediante SPSS Statistics 20&#46;0 para Windows &#40;IBM&#44; Chicago&#44; IL&#44; EE&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>UU&#46;&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Resultados</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se incluy&#243; a un total de 2&#46;989 sujetos en el programa de cribado&#46; En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a> se enumeran sus caracter&#237;sticas iniciales&#46; Los participantes fueron predominantemente varones &#40;73&#37;&#41;&#44; con una mediana de edad de 55<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os &#40;49-62&#41;&#46; La mayor&#237;a eran fumadores en el momento de inicio del estudio&#44; con un historial de tabaquismo de 32 &#40;20-46&#41; paquetes-a&#241;o&#46; El 25&#37; de la poblaci&#243;n estudiada presentaba EPOC&#44; de los cuales el 93&#37; ten&#237;an enfermedad leve o moderada &#40;grados GOLD<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1 o 2&#41; y el 24&#37;&#44; signos de enfisema en la TBDR inicial&#46; M&#225;s de la mitad de la muestra particip&#243; en 2 o m&#225;s rondas de cribado&#46; No hubo diferencias significativas en las caracter&#237;sticas iniciales entre los participantes que intervinieron en una&#44; y dos o m&#225;s rondas&#44; excepto por lo que respecta a la distribuci&#243;n de la gravedad de la EPOC &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46; Aquellos participantes adherentes al estudio tuvieron una mediana de seguimiento de 42 &#40;22-73&#41; meses y 3 &#40;2-5&#41; rondas de cribado&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se diagnostic&#243; a un total de 53 participantes con c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n&#58; 29 en la primera ronda de cribado &#40;1&#44;0&#37; de proporci&#243;n de prevalencia&#41; y 24 en las siguientes rondas &#40;1&#44;4&#37; de proporci&#243;n de incidencia&#41;&#46; Tras la ronda inicial de cribado&#44; la tasa de detecci&#243;n anual de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n fue 0&#44;41 y el n&#250;mero estimado de sujetos necesarios cribar en un a&#241;o para detectar un c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n fue 245&#46; Se detectaron 2 tumores sincr&#243;nicos en un participante en su octava ronda anual de cribado &#40;carcinoma epidermoide y adenocarcinoma&#41; y se diagnostic&#243; un segundo c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n en 6 sujetos con c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n prevalente en una de las visitas de seguimiento &#40;tumor metacr&#243;nico&#41;&#46; La diferencia entre los 2 diagn&#243;sticos fue 48 &#40;34-75&#41; meses&#46; Todos los tumores metacr&#243;nicos presentaron el mismo patr&#243;n histol&#243;gico y estadio que el primer tumor&#44; excepto 2 casos&#44; donde se detect&#243; un estadio m&#225;s avanzado en el segundo c&#225;ncer&#46; De las 60 muestras disponibles&#44; la gran mayor&#237;a de c&#225;nceres de pulm&#243;n fueron carcinomas no microc&#237;ticos de pulm&#243;n &#40;CNMP&#41;&#44; de los cuales el 55&#37; fueron adenocarcinomas&#44; seguidos por los carcinomas epidermoides &#40;22&#37;&#41;&#46; M&#225;s de un tercio de los adenocarcinomas identificados presentaban un componente de carcinoma in situ&#46; El 82&#37; de los c&#225;nceres se encontraban en fase precoz &#40;estadios<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">i</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">ii</span>&#41; y el 7&#37;&#44; en estadio<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">iv</span>&#46; De los 5 casos de carcinoma microc&#237;tico de pulm&#243;n &#40;CMP&#41;&#44; 4 fueron enfermedad avanzada&#46; En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a> se muestran las caracter&#237;sticas de los casos de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n de toda nuestra cohorte&#44; y estratificada por ronda de cribado&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las diferencias entre los sujetos con y sin c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n figuran en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabla 3</a>&#46; Los sujetos con c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n eran significativamente mayores &#40;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os de diferencia&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#44; ten&#237;an un historial de tabaquismo mayor &#40;diferencia de 20 paquetes-a&#241;o&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41; con una proporci&#243;n significativamente mayor de obstrucci&#243;n a&#233;rea y enfisema&#46; Tambi&#233;n se observ&#243; una peor funci&#243;n pulmonar expresada como menor VEF1&#37; predicho &#40;VEF1&#37;p&#41; y menor relaci&#243;n VEF1&#47;CVF en los participantes que desarrollaron c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">tabla 4</a>A se muestran los resultados del an&#225;lisis monofactorial&#46; Se hall&#243; una asociaci&#243;n significativa entre c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n y edad&#44; n&#250;mero de paquetes-a&#241;o&#44; EPOC&#44; enfisema y volumen espiratorio forzado en el primer segundo como porcentaje del predicho &#40;VEF1&#37;p&#41;&#46; En el an&#225;lisis multifactorial&#44; tras ajustarlo por edad&#44; sexo y paquetes-a&#241;o &#40;modelo<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#41;&#44; la EPOC y el enfisema fueron factores de riesgo significativos para el c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n &#40;HR 4&#44;52&#59; IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37;&#58; 2&#44;50-8&#44;18&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#59; HR 4&#44;52&#59; IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37;&#58; 2&#44;56-7&#44;95&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#44; respectivamente&#41;&#46; Despu&#233;s de a&#241;adir el IMC&#44; la condici&#243;n de fumador al inicio del estudio y los antecedentes familiares de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n al modelo anterior&#44; el riesgo se atenu&#243; ligeramente&#44; sin que fuera menos significativo&#46; En el modelo<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44; donde se incluyeron EPOC y enfisema en un modelo &#250;nico&#44; ambos siguieron siendo factores de riesgo significativos&#58; HR 3&#44;41&#59; IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;85-6&#44;29&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#44; y HR 3&#44;26&#59; IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;82-5&#44;85&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001 para EPOC y enfisema&#44; respectivamente &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">tabla 4</a>B&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fallecieron 12 pacientes diagnosticados con c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n &#40;23&#37;&#41;&#46; La mayor&#237;a &#40;58&#37;&#41; presentaba enfermedad avanzada &#40;c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n en estadios<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">iii</span>-<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">iv</span> o enfermedad avanzada en CMP&#41;&#46; La tasa de supervivencia a 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os entre los 53 sujetos con c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n fue del 70&#37;&#46; Si consideramos solo a los sujetos con c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n en estadio<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">i</span>&#44; la tasa de supervivencia a 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os mejor&#243; hasta el 80&#37;&#46; El promedio de supervivencia fue 110 &#40;IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37;&#58; 93-127&#41; meses y 127 &#40;IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37;&#58; 111-143&#41; meses para todos los sujetos diagnosticados con c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n y los que ten&#237;an enfermedad en estadio<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">i&#44;</span> respectivamente &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este estudio presenta la experiencia del programa de cribado de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n con TBDR m&#225;s largo de Espa&#241;a y contribuye a la experiencia europea en este asunto&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nuestros resultados son comparables con lo publicado en otros pa&#237;ses en cuanto a prevalencia&#44; incidencia&#44; histolog&#237;a y estadificaci&#243;n del c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n&#46; Si consideramos &#250;nicamente la ronda inicial de cribado&#44; nuestra proporci&#243;n de prevalencia de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n fue del 1&#44;0&#37;&#46; Si bien en el ensayo NLST de Estados Unidos la prevalencia fue del 1&#44;0&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#44; en Europa estas tasas variaron ampliamente en los estudios&#58; del 0&#44;8&#37; en el DLCST hasta el 2&#44;4&#37; en el DEPISCAN<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;11</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">tabla 5</a>A&#41;&#46; El P-IELCAP tuvo la mayor proporci&#243;n de c&#225;nceres de pulm&#243;n en estadio<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">i</span> en la ronda inicial de cribado&#44; con una diferencia media del 30&#37; respecto al resto de estudios&#46; Tan solo el ensayo LUSI mostr&#243; resultados similares a los nuestros&#44; probablemente porque su evaluaci&#243;n tambi&#233;n se basa en el ELCAP&#44; lo que destaca el valor de aplicar un protocolo est&#225;ndar<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;8</span></a>&#46; Los criterios de inclusi&#243;n de cada estudio podr&#237;an explicar las diferencias en las proporciones de prevalencia en comparaci&#243;n con otras cohortes&#46; Por ejemplo&#44; el P-IELCAP reclut&#243; a participantes m&#225;s j&#243;venes con menor umbral de historial de tabaquismo que los empleados en otros estudios&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Al considerar los diagn&#243;sticos de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n en los cribados anuales&#44; la proporci&#243;n de incidencia del P-IELCAP fue del 1&#44;4&#37; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">tabla 5</a>B&#41;&#46; Este resultado fue comparable al del ITALUNG &#40;1&#44;4&#37;&#41;&#44; pero mucho menor que el observado en el DLCST &#40;2&#44;6&#37;&#41; y el DANTE &#40;2&#44;9&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20-22</span></a>&#46; Al ajustar las proporciones de incidencia con la duraci&#243;n de cada estudio &#40;tasa de detecci&#243;n anual&#41;&#44; los resultados fueron m&#225;s homog&#233;neos&#46; La tasa de detecci&#243;n anual del P-IELCAP &#40;0&#44;41&#41; fue comparable a los resultados de los ensayos NELSON &#40;0&#44;45&#41; e ITALUNG &#40;0&#44;36&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20&#44;23</span></a>&#44; mientras que la diferencia respecto al DLCST se atenu&#243; levemente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&#46; Las diferencias entre los estudios podr&#237;an deberse a los criterios de inclusi&#243;n de cada ensayo&#44; los m&#233;todos de reclutamiento &#40;como invitaciones por correo masivo empleados en otros estudios&#41;&#44; el protocolo de TBDR &#40;colimaci&#243;n y espesor del corte&#41;&#44; n&#250;mero de rondas de cribado e intervalo entre cada ronda&#44; protocolo de evaluaci&#243;n de n&#243;dulo&#47;c&#225;ncer pulmonar &#40;di&#225;metro o volumen del n&#243;dulo o tiempo de duplicaci&#243;n del n&#243;dulo&#41;&#44; entre otros&#46; Las caracter&#237;sticas inherentes de los participantes respecto a la zona geogr&#225;fica a la que pertenecen tambi&#233;n podr&#237;an afectar los resultados&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El adenocarcinoma fue el patr&#243;n histol&#243;gico m&#225;s frecuente hallado en nuestro estudio&#44; en consonancia con las observaciones de otras cohortes de cribado<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;10&#44;19-21</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La proporci&#243;n de c&#225;nceres de pulm&#243;n en estadio<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">i</span> detectados en las rondas de incidencia se redujo significativamente en el P-IELCAP &#40;del 89 al 57&#37;&#41;&#46; En cuanto a los estudios europeos mencionados&#44; solo el ensayo DANTE mostr&#243; un comportamiento similar&#44; pero no de la misma envergadura<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46; Sin embargo&#44; esta tendencia tambi&#233;n se ha identificado en otros estudios<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&#44; como el <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Lung Screening Study</span> &#40;53 al 25&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&#44; el <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pittsburgh Lung Screening Study</span> &#40;58 al 37&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> y un estudio de Swensen et al&#46; &#40;71&#37; a 50&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&#46; La propoci&#243;n de c&#225;nceres en estadio<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">i</span> hallada en las rondas de incidencia del P-IELCAP &#40;57&#37;&#41; est&#225; en l&#237;nea con otras series&#44; como DANTE &#40;53&#37;&#41; y NLST &#40;65&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;28</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tal y como ya se ha explicado&#44; el P-IELCAP fue uno de los muchos centros que particip&#243; en el I-ELCAP&#44; y una parte de nuestra cohorte se incluy&#243; en el art&#237;culo de 2006 donde se reuni&#243; a m&#225;s de 30&#46;000 participantes de centros en Norteam&#233;rica&#44; Europa y Asia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; Con solo una fracci&#243;n de participantes de este &#250;ltimo &#40;11&#37;&#41;&#44; los resultados del P-IELCAP concordaron con los del I-ELCAP&#44; especialmente en la ronda inicial de cribado &#40;1&#44;3&#37; de prevalencia y 85&#37; de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n en estadio<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">i</span> en el I-ELCAP&#44; en comparaci&#243;n con el 1&#37; de prevalencia y el 89&#37; de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n en estadio<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">i</span> en el P-IELCAP&#41;&#46; No obstante&#44; se hallaron algunas diferencias en las rondas de incidencia&#44; ya que aunque la proporci&#243;n de incidencia fue mucho menor en el I-ELCAP &#40;0&#44;3&#37; vs&#46;1&#44;4&#37; en el P-IELCAP&#41;&#44; I-ELCAP mantuvo una alta tasa de detecci&#243;n de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n en estadio<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">i</span> &#40;86&#37; vs&#46; 57&#37; en el P-IELCAP&#41;&#46; A pesar de esta diferencia&#44; las tasas de supervivencia a 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os en pacientes con patolog&#237;a en estadio<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">i</span> fueron comparables en ambos estudios &#40;80&#37; en P-IELCAP y 88&#37; en I-ELCAP&#44; respectivamente&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>B&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Estos resultados muestran que el cribado de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n con TBDR en un centro espa&#241;ol resulta viable y efectivo&#46; Sin embargo&#44; este estudio se realiz&#243; en un centro privado y podr&#237;a no ser totalmente reproducible en instituciones p&#250;blicas en un pa&#237;s donde predomina la asistencia sanitaria p&#250;blica&#46; En esas circunstancias&#44; el uso de recursos y los costes podr&#237;an suponer limitaciones importantes&#46; En cuanto a la rentabilidad&#44; un an&#225;lisis actuarial de una poblaci&#243;n de alto riesgo en Estados Unidos sugiri&#243; que ofrecer cribado de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n como prestaci&#243;n de un seguro salvar&#237;a vidas a un coste relativamente bajo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>&#46; Un aspecto claro y fundado en la mayor&#237;a de protocolos es que el cribado deber&#237;a realizarse en centros m&#233;dicos con equipos multidisciplinares y centr&#225;ndose en poblaci&#243;n de alto riesgo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30&#44;31</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nuestro estudio confirma adem&#225;s el valor de la EPOC y el enfisema como factores de riesgo importantes para el c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n en los programas de cribado&#46; Ninguno de los estudios europeos aqu&#237; citados ha realizado esta evaluaci&#243;n&#46; En cualquier caso&#44; el NLST y el <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pittsburgh Lung Screening Study</span> &#40;PLuSS&#41; han confirmado el valor del enfisema a la hora de seleccionar a pacientes de alto riesgo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32&#44;33</span></a>&#46; Esta observaci&#243;n se confirma adem&#225;s&#44; al medir la densidad de incidencia de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n&#44; donde la EPOC y el enfisema triplican los valores de la cohorte original &#40;23 y 21 c&#225;nceres de pulm&#243;n por 1&#46;000 personas&#47;a&#241;o&#44; respectivamente&#44; al compararlo con la cohorte completa&#44; 7 c&#225;nceres de pulm&#243;n por 1&#46;000 personas&#47;a&#241;o&#41;&#46; Resulta interesante que si un sujeto presentaba tanto EPOC como enfisema&#44; la densidad de incidencia era m&#225;xima &#40;39 c&#225;nceres de pulm&#243;n por 1&#46;000 personas&#47;a&#241;o&#41;&#46; Entre los pacientes con EPOC&#44; la mayor&#237;a de diagn&#243;sticos de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n se realizaron en sujetos con patolog&#237;a leve &#40;33 casos en pacientes GOLD<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1 y 2&#44; mientras que solo se detectaron 2 c&#225;nceres de pulm&#243;n en pacientes con EPOC severo&#41;&#46; Nuestros resultados coinciden con los de la cohorte de BODE&#44; donde tambi&#233;n se observ&#243; un incremento del riesgo en los casos de enfermedad leve<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34&#44;35</span></a>&#46; Sin embargo&#44; contrasta con los datos del PLuSS&#44; donde los pacientes con EPOC grave presentaban un riesgo significativamente mayor de sufrir c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&#46; En los 2 &#250;ltimos decenios&#44; los estudios han sido coherentes al describir la relaci&#243;n entre la EPOC y el c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n&#44; e incluso se ha confirmado su importancia en un entorno de cribado de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;32&#44;36&#44;37</span></a>&#46; Otros factores&#44; como el tiempo transcurrido entre el diagn&#243;stico de EPOC y la aparici&#243;n del c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n&#44; tambi&#233;n han mostrado una fuerte asociaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nuestro estudio tiene algunas limitaciones&#46; En primer lugar&#44; el P-IELCAP es un ensayo de cribado monoc&#233;ntrico de grupo &#250;nico de estudio&#44; de modo que las comparaciones con los ensayos aleatorizados que se mencionan deben interpretarse con cautela&#46; Dichos estudios se eligieron con el fin de comparar la experiencia espa&#241;ola con la de otros pa&#237;ses europeos&#46; De fuera de Europa&#44; solo se incluyeron los resultados del ensayo NLST porque son una referencia en este campo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46; En segundo lugar&#44; la adherencia al cribado en nuestro estudio fue baja&#58; solo el 56&#37; de los participantes intervinieron en&#44; al menos&#44; una segunda ronda de cribado&#44; en comparaci&#243;n con la adherencia superior al 90&#37; observada en la mayor&#237;a de los ensayos citados&#46; Esta ser&#237;a una limitaci&#243;n importante si compar&#225;semos los resultados globales&#46; Creemos que minimizamos esta limitaci&#243;n al medir las proporciones de prevalencia e incidencia independientemente&#44; con los participantes que intervinieron en una y dos o m&#225;s rondas de cribado&#44; respectivamente&#46; De este modo&#44; el grupo de adherencia fue comparable con los dem&#225;s ensayos en cuanto a seguimiento y n&#250;mero de rondas de cribado&#46; Ya hemos analizado previamente la cuesti&#243;n de la baja adherencia en nuestro programa de cribado&#46; Descubrimos que variaba en funci&#243;n del sexo&#44; la distancia al centro de referencia&#44; la motivaci&#243;n del participante y la percepci&#243;n del riesgo&#44; entre otros<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a>&#46; En tercer lugar&#44; es probable que exista un sesgo de selecci&#243;n&#44; sobre todo un efecto de voluntario sano&#46; Esto &#250;ltimo ya ha sido descrito con detenimiento por Dominioni et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a> en un entorno de cribado radiol&#243;gico de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n&#44; donde los participantes del grupo de intervenci&#243;n tuvieron mayor mortalidad por c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n que el grupo control&#46; En nuestro estudio&#44; aunque no hubo diferencias significativas en la funci&#243;n pulmonar inicial &#40;FEV1&#37;p&#41; entre los que intervinieron en una o m&#225;s rondas de cribado&#44; en el subgrupo de pacientes con EPOC los casos m&#225;s leves fueron los que mejor hab&#237;an cumplido el calendario de consultas programadas&#46; No tratamos el tema del sobrediagn&#243;stico en este estudio porque no hay grupo control&#46; No obstante&#44; la reducci&#243;n significativa de la mortalidad por c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n en el NLST demuestra que el sobrediagn&#243;stico no resulta limitante<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46; En &#250;ltimo lugar&#44; en cuanto a posibles procedimientos innecesarios o falsos positivos&#44; nos referimos al estudio I-ELCAP original&#44; donde el 92&#37; de las biopsias &#40;492 de 535&#41; realizadas tras una TBDR positiva conllev&#243; un diagn&#243;stico de neoplasia maligna<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Concluimos que la experiencia del programa de cribado de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n m&#225;s largo de Espa&#241;a es comparable con lo descrito en el resto de Europa&#44; y confirma la viabilidad y la eficacia de este programa&#44; empleando la TBDR&#46; La EPOC y el enfisema son factores de riesgo importantes para el c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n y deber&#237;an tenerse en cuenta a la hora de seleccionar a los sujetos de alto riesgo para los programas de cribado&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Financiaci&#243;n</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este trabajo ha sido financiado parcialmente con una beca &#40;RD12&#47;0036&#47;0062&#41; de la Red Tem&#225;tica de Investigaci&#243;n Cooperativa en C&#225;ncer &#40;RTICC&#41;&#44; Instituto de Salud Carlos<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>III &#40;ISCIII&#41;&#44; Ministerio Espa&#241;ol de Econom&#237;a y Competitividad y el Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional &#40;FEDER&#41; &#171;Una manera de hacer Europa&#187;&#46; Proyectos FIS&#58; PI04&#47;2404&#44; PI07&#47;0792&#44; PI10&#47;01652&#44; PI11&#47;01626&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Contribuciones al estudio</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dise&#241;o&#58; PSS&#44; JB&#44; JPdT&#44; AC&#44; ABA&#44; AV&#44; JCP&#44; MDL&#44; MJGV&#44; LMS&#44; JG&#44; GB&#44; JJZ&#59; An&#225;lisis e interpretaci&#243;n&#58; PSS&#44; JPdT&#44; LMS&#44; JJZ&#59; Redacci&#243;n del art&#237;culo en cuanto a contenido intelectual importante&#58; PSS&#44; JPdT&#44; LMS&#44; JJZ&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2014-07-29"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2014-09-10"
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          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Cribado de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n"
            1 => "TBDR"
            2 => "Enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica"
            3 => "Enfisema"
            4 => "Espa&#241;a"
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            0 => "Lung cancer screening"
            1 => "LDCT"
            2 => "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"
            3 => "Emphysema"
            4 => "Spain"
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    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "es" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introducci&#243;n y objetivos</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La experiencia europea en relaci&#243;n con el cribado de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n con tomograf&#237;a de baja dosis de radiaci&#243;n &#40;TBDR&#41; es amplia&#46; Sin embargo&#44; la evidencia sobre la experiencia en Espa&#241;a es limitada&#46; Nuestro objetivo es presentar los resultados del programa de cribado de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n m&#225;s largo de Espa&#241;a&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El Programa Internacional de Detecci&#243;n Precoz de C&#225;ncer de Pulm&#243;n con TBDR de Pamplona &#40;P-IELCAP&#41; viene reclutando individuos de manera activa desde el a&#241;o 2000 siguiendo el protocolo IELCAP&#46; Se incluyen individuos &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>40 a&#241;os de edad&#44; fumadores o ex<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>fumadores &#40;consumo acumulado &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10 paquetes-a&#241;o&#41;&#46; Los resultados se comparan con los de otros estudios europeos&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Resultados</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Un total de 2&#46;989 participantes fueron reclutados hasta marzo de 2014 &#40;73&#37; varones&#41;&#44; realizando una mediana de 2 &#40;IQR 1-3&#41; rondas de cribado por individuo&#46; Se detectaron 60 c&#225;nceres de pulm&#243;n en 53 participantes &#40;73&#37; en estadio<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">i</span>&#41;&#46; Adenocarcinoma fue el tipo histol&#243;gico m&#225;s frecuente&#46; La proporci&#243;n de prevalencia e incidencia de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n fue del 1&#44;0 y del 1&#44;4&#37;&#44; respectivamente&#44; con una tasa de detecci&#243;n anual de 0&#44;41&#46; La tasa de supervivencia a 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os de los pacientes con c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n fue del 70&#37;&#46; La enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica y el enfisema son importantes factores de riesgo para desarrollar c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La experiencia del programa de cribado de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n m&#225;s largo de Espa&#241;a es comparable con lo descrito en el resto de Europa y confirma la viabilidad y la eficacia del cribado mediante TBDR&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introduction and objectives</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">European experience regarding lung cancer screening using low-dose chest CT &#40;LDCT&#41; is available&#46; However&#44; there is limited data on the Spanish experience in this matter&#46; Our aim is to present the results from the longest ongoing screening program in Spain&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Methodology</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The Pamplona International Early Lung Cancer Detection Program &#40;P-IELCAP&#41; is actively screening participants for lung cancer using LDCT since year 2000 following the IELCAP protocol&#44; including spirometric assessments&#46; Men and women&#44; &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>years of age&#44; current or former smokers with a tobacco history of &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pack-years are included&#46; Results are compared to those from other European trials&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Results</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A total of 2989 participants were screened until March 2014 &#40;73&#37; male&#41;&#46; A median of 2 &#40;IQR 1-3&#41; annual screening rounds were performed&#46; Sixty lung cancers were detected in 53 participants &#40;73&#37; in Stage<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>I&#41;&#46; Adenocarcinoma was the most frequent&#46; The lung cancer prevalence and incidence proportion was 1&#46;0&#37; and 1&#46;4&#37;&#44; respectively&#44; with an annual detection rate of 0&#46;41&#46; The estimated 10-year survival rate among individuals with lung cancer was 70&#37;&#46; Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema are important lung cancer predictors&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The experience in Spain&#39;s longest lung cancer screening program is comparable to what has been described in the rest of Europe&#44; and confirms the feasibility and efficacy of lung cancer screening using LDCT&#46;</p></span>"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Curvas de supervivencia de Kaplan Meier para &#40;A&#41; el n&#250;mero total de participantes con c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n y &#40;B&#41; aquellos en estadio<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">i</span>&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">GOLD&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Global initiative for chronic Obstructive Lung Disease</span>&#59; IMC&#58; &#237;ndice de masa corporal&#59; P-IELCAP&#58; Programa Internacional de Detecci&#243;n Precoz de C&#225;ncer de Pulm&#243;n con TBDR de Pamplona&#59; TBDR&#58; tomograf&#237;a computarizada tor&#225;cica de baja dosis de radiaci&#243;n&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hombres&#44; &#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">73&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">71&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">74&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">IMC</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">28<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">28<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">27<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Paquetes-a&#241;o</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">32 &#40;20-46&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">31 &#40;20-48&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">32 &#40;22-46&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fumadores&#44; &#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;89&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tiempo transcurrido desde el &#250;ltimo cigarrillo&#44; a&#241;os</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6 &#40;2-14&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6 &#40;1-13&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7 &#40;2-15&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;048&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Seguimiento&#44; meses</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13 &#40;0&#44;1-49&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;1 &#40;0&#44;1-0&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">42 &#40;22-73&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rondas de cribado por sujeto</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 &#40;1-3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;1-1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 &#40;2-5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Antecedentes familiares de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n&#44; &#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Resultados de la espirometr&#237;a</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Obstrucci&#243;n a&#233;rea &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GOLD 1&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GOLD 2&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GOLD 3&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GOLD 4&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Enfisema en TBDR&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CIS&#58; carcinoma in situ&#59; CMP&#58; carcinoma microc&#237;tico de pulm&#243;n&#59; CNMP&#58; carcinoma no microc&#237;tico de pulm&#243;n&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cohorte completa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ronda de prevalencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Rondas de incidencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Participantes con c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Distribuci&#243;n histol&#243;gica&#44; n</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">31&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Adenocarcinoma&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">33 &#40;55&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19 &#40;66&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14 &#40;45&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Epidermoide&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13 &#40;22&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 &#40;14&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9 &#40;29&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">De c&#233;lula grande&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7 &#40;12&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 &#40;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 &#40;13&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Microc&#237;tico&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5 &#40;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 &#40;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 &#40;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Otros&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 &#40;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Componente CIS&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12 &#40;36&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7 &#40;37&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5 &#40;36&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Estadificaci&#243;n</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CNMP&#44; n</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Estadio I&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">40 &#40;73&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">24 &#40;89&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">16 &#40;57&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Estadio II&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5 &#40;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;3&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 &#40;14&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Estadio III&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6 &#40;11&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;3&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5 &#40;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Estadio IV&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 &#40;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;3&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 &#40;11&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CMP&#44; n</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Enfermedad limitada&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;50&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Enfermedad avanzada&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 &#40;80&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;50&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Fallecimientos&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12 &#40;23&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5 &#40;17&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7 &#40;29&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Estadio precoz &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">i</span>-<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">ii</span>&#41;&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5 &#40;42&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 &#40;80&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;14&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Estadio avanzado &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">iii</span>-<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">iv</span>&#41;&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 &#40;33&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 &#40;57&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enfermedad limitada</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enfermedad avanzada</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 &#40;25&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 &#40;29&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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              "identificador" => "tblfn0005"
              "etiqueta" => "a"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Se incluye un paciente con tumor sincr&#243;nico y 6 pacientes con tumores metacr&#243;nicos&#46; El estadio y la histolog&#237;a de cada tumor se tienen en cuenta por separado&#46;</p>"
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0010"
              "etiqueta" => "b"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Otros incluyen tumores carcinoides&#46;</p>"
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            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0015"
              "etiqueta" => "c"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">Proporci&#243;n de CIS en adenocarcinomas&#46;</p>"
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            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0020"
              "etiqueta" => "d"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0020">Fallecimientos respecto a los participantes con c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n&#46;</p>"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Caracter&#237;sticas de los diagn&#243;sticos de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n</p>"
        ]
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      3 => array:7 [
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">GOLD&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Global initiative for chronic Obstructive Lung Disease</span>&#59; IMC&#58; &#237;ndice de masa corporal&#59; TBDR&#58; tomograf&#237;a computarizada tor&#225;cica de baja dosis de radiaci&#243;n&#46;</p><p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los datos se expresan como promedio<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>desviaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar &#40;DE&#41; o mediana &#40;rango intercuartil&#44; RIC&#41;&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Caracter&#237;stica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">C&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>53&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;936&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Valor p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">60 &#40;55-65&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">55 &#40;49-62&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hombres&#44; &#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">83&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">73&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">IMC</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">28<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Paquetes-a&#241;o</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">31 &#40;20-46&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fumadores&#44; &#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">74&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tiempo transcurrido desde el &#250;ltimo cigarrillo&#44; a&#241;os</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6 &#40;2-18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6 &#40;2-14&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Antecedentes familiares de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n&#44; &#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Resultados de la espirometr&#237;a</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Obstrucci&#243;n a&#233;rea &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">66&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GOLD 1&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">66&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GOLD 2&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GOLD 3&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;81&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GOLD 4&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Enfisema por TBDR &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Diferencias en las caracter&#237;sticas iniciales entre los sujetos con y sin c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n</p>"
        ]
      ]
      4 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0020"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabla 4"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">EPOC&#58; enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica&#59; VEF1&#37;p&#58; volumen espiratorio forzado en el primer segundo como &#37; del predicho&#59; IMC&#58; &#237;ndice de masa corporal&#59; HR&#58; hazard ratio&#46;&#46;</p><p id="spar0105" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Modelos de adaptaci&#243;n&#46;</span> Modelo 1&#58; edad&#44; sexo&#44; paquetes-a&#241;o de tabaquismo&#46; Modelo 2&#58; edad&#44; sexo&#44; paquetes-a&#241;o&#44; IMC&#44; ser fumador actual y antecedentes familiares de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n&#46; Modelo 3&#58; edad&#44; sexo&#44; paquetes-a&#241;o&#44; EPOC y enfisema&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HR &#40;IC 95&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; An&#225;lisis monofactorial</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Edad&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;06 &#40;1&#44;03-1&#44;09&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IMC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;94 &#40;0&#44;88-1&#44;01&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Sexo masculino&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;65 &#40;0&#44;81-3&#44;39&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Paquetes-a&#241;o&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;03 &#40;1&#44;02-1&#44;04&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Fumador actual&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;24 &#40;0&#44;68-2&#44;26&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;49&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Antecedentes familiares de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;34 &#40;0&#44;72-2&#44;52&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>EPOC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#44;09 &#40;3&#44;44-10&#44;76&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Enfisema&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#44;57 &#40;3&#44;20-9&#44;68&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>VEF1&#37;p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;97 &#40;0&#44;96-0&#44;98&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Modelo 1HR &#40;IC 95&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Modelo 2HR &#40;IC 95&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Modelo 3HR &#40;IC 95&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; An&#225;lisis multifactorial</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>EPOC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#44;52 &#40;2&#44;50-8&#44;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#44;42 &#40;2&#44;44-7&#44;99&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;41 &#40;1&#44;85-6&#44;29&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Enfisema&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#44;52 &#40;2&#44;56-7&#44;95&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#44;20 &#40;2&#44;37-7&#44;44&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;26 &#40;1&#44;82-5&#44;85&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">An&#225;lisis de regresi&#243;n monofactorial y multifactorial de Cox para evaluar el riesgo de c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n</p>"
        ]
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      5 => array:7 [
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        "etiqueta" => "Tabla 5"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
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        "tabla" => array:3 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">DANTE&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Detection and Screening of Early Lung Cancer by Novel Imaging Technology and Molecular Essays</span>&#59; DLCST&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Danish Lung Cancer Screening Trial</span>&#59; LUSI&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">German Lung Cancer Screening Intervention Trial</span>&#59; ND&#58; datos no disponibles para el c&#225;lculo&#59; NELSON&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NEderlands Leuvens longkanker Screenings ONderzoek</span>&#59; NLST&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">National Lung Screening Trial</span>&#59; P-IELCAP&#58; Programa Internacional de Detecci&#243;n Precoz de C&#225;ncer de Pulm&#243;n con TBDR de Pamplona&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:2 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cohorte&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Participantes con c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Prevalencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Estadio I &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; Resultados de la ronda inicial de cribado</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>P-IELCAP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;989&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;0&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">89&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>NLST&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">26&#46;309&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">270&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;0&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>DLCST&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;052&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;8&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>NELSON<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;557&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;9&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>LUSI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;029&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;1&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ITALUNG<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;406&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;4&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>DANTE<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;276&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#44;2&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>DEPISCAN&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">336&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#44;4&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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            1 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cohorte&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Participantes con c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Incidencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Duraci&#243;n &#40;a&#241;os&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Tasa de detecci&#243;n anual&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Estadio I &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; Resultados de la segunda y&#47;o siguientes rondas de cribado</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>P-IELCAP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1681&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;4&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ND&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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ISSN: 03002896
Original language: Spanish
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