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Vol. 46. Issue S4.
EPOC: de la etiopatogenia al tratamiento
Pages 2-8 (September 2010)
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Vol. 46. Issue S4.
EPOC: de la etiopatogenia al tratamiento
Pages 2-8 (September 2010)
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EPOC y déficit de alfa-1-antitripsina
COPD and alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency
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Beatriz Lara
Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, España
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Resumen

El déficit de alfa-1-antitripsina (DAAT) es el primer factor genético relacionado con el desarrollo de enfisema. Esta proteína tiene numerosa variantes, algunas de las cuales tienen relevancia clínica porque su conformación anómala implica que no alcanzan los órganos diana por polimerizar en el hepatocito. La principal variante deficitaria es la PiZ. La acumulación de polímeros Z en el hígado condiciona la aparición de hepatopatía en un pequeño porcentaje de individuos. La falta de AAT en el pulmón favorece el desarrollo de enfisema al no contrarrestarse el efecto proteolítico de las elastasas, que es la principal función biológica de la AAT. En España, el número de casos diagnosticados de déficit grave de AAT es de aproximadamente 400 individuos, lo que representa menos del 10% de los esperados por los estudios epidemiológicos. El principal factor pronóstico en estos pacientes es el volumen espiratorio máximo en el primer segundo, condicionado principalmente por la exposición al tabaco, de manera que los individuos no fumadores tienen una esperanza de vida similar a la población general, mientras que los fumadores tienen una caída de la función pulmonar más acelerada que el resto de afectados por la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC). El tratamiento de la enfermedad pulmonar es el mismo, aunque está indicado el tratamiento sustitutivo con AAT exógena cuando la función pulmonar se deteriora.

Palabras clave:
Alfa-1-antitripsina
Enfisema
Hepatopatía
Tabaco
Tratamiento sustitutivo
Abstract

Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is the main genetic factor related to the development of emphysema. This protein has numerous variants, some of which are clinically relevant because their anomalous conformation implies that they fail to reach the target organs as they are polymerized in the hepatocyte. The main abnormal variant is PiZ. In a small percentage of individuals, the accumulation of Z polymers in the liver leads to the development of liver disease. The lack of AATD in the lung favors the development of emphysema, since the proteolytic effect of elastases – the main biological function of AATD – is not counteracted. In Spain, approximately 400 persons are diagnosed with severe AATD deficiency, representing less than 10 % of those expected by epidemiological studies. The principal prognostic factor in these patients is forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), which is affected mainly by exposure to tobacco smoke. Thus, life expectancy in nonsmokers is similar to that in the general population while lung function decreases faster in smokers than in other patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The treatment of the lung disease is the same, although exogenous AATD augmentation is indicated when lung function deteriorates.

Keywords:
Alpha-1-antitrypsin
Emphysema
Liver disease
Tobacco
Replacement therapy
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