Journal Information
Vol. 46. Issue S3.
Las mil caras de la EPOC
Pages 2-10 (June 2010)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 46. Issue S3.
Las mil caras de la EPOC
Pages 2-10 (June 2010)
Full text access
EPOC y apneas del sueño
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and sleep apneas
Visits
17681
Joaquín Durán-Cantolla
Corresponding author
joaquin.durancantolla@gmail.com

Autor para correspondencia.
, Laura Cancelo Díaz, Ainhoa Álvarez Ruiz-Larrinaga
Unidad de Trastornos del Sueño, Hospital de Txagorritxu, Vitoria, Álava, España
This item has received
Article information
Resumen

Los pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) presentan un sueño que, globalmente, es de inferior calidad que el de los individuos sanos. La hipoventilación durante el sueño es la causa más importante de hipoxemia y es probable que la presencia de alteraciones de la ventilación/perfusión y una reducción de la capacidad residual funcional también contribuyan de forma significativa. Aunque parece razonable suponer que los episodios de desaturación nocturna podrían aumentar la morbimortalidad de estos pacientes, no se ha probado la trascendencia pronóstica de estas desaturaciones. Sin embargo, es muy importante detectar a los pacientes con EPOC en quienes se añade un síndrome de apnea-hipopnea del sueño (SAHS), porque se ha demostrado que la morbimortalidad es superior a la que presentarían estas entidades por separado. La polisomnografía sólo está indicada ante la sospecha de la asociación de una EPOC y un SAHS. No obstante, hay pacientes en quienes puede ser necesario conocer el comportamiento respiratorio durante el sueño y en quienes pueden ser útil técnicas como la pulsioxímetría, la capnografía y/o poligrafía respiratoria, y, si fuera necesario, indicar posteriormente una polisomnografía.

Aún precisamos más estudios que nos ayuden a comprender mejor las alteraciones fisiopatológicas de estos pacientes durante el sueño, la trascendencia de las desaturaciones nocturnas y el papel de la oxigenoterapia y del apoyo ventilatorio, así como la importancia de algunos fármacos que permitan mejorar la calidad de sueño y el intercambio de gases en estos pacientes.

Palabras clave:
Síndrome de apnea-hipopnea del sueño
Enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica
Síndrome de overlap
Abstract

Sleep quality is lower in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) than in healthy individuals. Hypoventilation during sleep is the most important cause of hypoxemia and the presence of ventilation/perfusion alterations and reduced functional residual capacity probably also plays a significant role. Although episodes of nocturnal saturation can reasonably be supposed to increase morbidity and mortality in these patients, the diagnostic importance of these desaturations has not been demonstrated. However, desaturation episodes must be detected in patients with COPD and sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (SAHS), since morbidity and mortality are higher when these two entities are combined than when they occur separately.

Polysomnography is only indicated when the association of COPD and SAHS is suspected. Nevertheless, in some patients, respiratory behavior during sleep must be evaluated and techniques such as pulse oximetry, capnography and/or respiratory polygraphy and, if necessary, subsequent polysomnography may be useful. Further studies are required to elucidate the role of physiopathological alterations during sleep, the importance of nocturnal desaturations and the role of oxygen therapy and ventilatory support, as well as the utility of some drugs that could improve sleep quality and gas exchange in these patients.

Keywords:
Sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Overlap syndrome
Full text is only aviable in PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
pp. 770
[2.]
A.S. Buist, M.A. McBurnie, M. Vollmer, S. Gillespie, P. Burney, D.M. Mannino, et al.
International variation in the prevalence of COPD (the BOLD Study): a population-based prevalence study.
[3.]
R.J. Halber, J.L. Natoli, A. Gano, E. Badamgarav, A.S. Buist, D.M. Mannino.
Global burden of COPD: systemtic rewiev and meta-analysis.
Eur Respir J, 28 (2006), pp. 523-532
[4.]
V.S. Pena, M. Miravitlles, R. Gabriel, C.A. Jimenez-Ruiz, C. Vilasante, J.F. Masa, et al.
Geographic variations in prevalence and underdiagnosis of COPD: results of the IBERPOC multicentre epidemiological study.
Chest, 118 (2000), pp. 981-989
[5.]
J. Durán, S. Esnaola, R. Ramón, A. Iztueta.
Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea and related clinical features in a population-based sample of subjects aged 30 to 70 years.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 163 (2001), pp. 685-689
[6.]
T. Young, M. Palta, J. Dempsey, J. Skatrud, S. Weber, S. Badr.
The occurence of sleep disorders breathing among middle aged adults.
N Eng J Med, 328 (1993), pp. 1230-1236
[7.]
V.K. Somers, D.P. White, R. Amin, W.T. Abraham, F. Costa, A. Culebras, et al.
Sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease: an American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Foundation Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association Council for High Blood Pressure Research Professional Education Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke Council, and Council On Cardiovascular Nursing. In collaboration with the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute National Center on Sleep Disorders Research (National Institutes of Health).
Circulation, 118 (2008), pp. 1080-1111
[8.]
J.M. Marín, S.J. Carrizo, E. Vicente, A.G.N. Agustí.
Long-term cardiovascular outcomes in men with obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea with or without treatment with continuous positive airway pressure: an observational study.
Lancet, 365 (2005), pp. 1046-1053
[9.]
H.K. Yaggi, J. Concanato, W.N. Kernan, J.H. Lichtman, L.M. Brass, V.M. Mohsenin.
Obstructive sleep apnea as a risk factor for stroke and death.
N Eng J Med, 353 (2005), pp. 2034-2041
[10.]
J. Durán-Cantolla, F.J. Puertas, G. Pin-Arboledas, J. Santa María, Grupo Español de Sueño (GES).
Documento de Consenso Nacional sobre el Sindrome de Apneas-Hipopneas del Sueño.
Archo Bronconeumol, 41 (2005), pp. 1-110
[11.]
T. Young, L. Finn, P. Peppard, M. Szklo-Coxe, D. Austin, J. Nieto, et al.
Sleep-disordered Breathing and mortality; Eigtheen-year follow-up of Wisconsin Sleep Cohort.
Sleep, 31 (2008), pp. 1071-1078
[12.]
N.S. Marshall, K.K.H. Wong, P.Y. Liu, S.R.J. Cullen, M.W. Knuiman, R.R. Grunstein.
Sleep apnea as an independient risk factor for all-cause mortality, The Busselton Health Study.
Sleep, 31 (2008), pp. 1079-1085
[13.]
M.H. Kryger, L. Ross, K. Delaive, R. Walld, J. Horrocks.
Utilization of health care services in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea.
Sleep, 19 (1996), pp. S111-S116
[14.]
J. Ronald, K. Delaive, L. Roos, J. Manfreda, A. Bahammam, M.H. Kryger.
Health care utilization in the 10 years prior to diagnosis in obstructive sleep apnea patients.
Sleep, 2 (1999), pp. 225-229
[15.]
M.H. Sanders, A.B. Newman, C.L. Haggerty, S. Redline, M. Lebowitz, J. Sametv, et al.
Sleep and sleep disordered breathing in adults with predominatly mild obstructive airway disease.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 167 (2003), pp. 7-14
[16.]
M. Bednarek, R. Plywaczewski, L. Jonczal, J. Zielinski.
There is no relationship between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: a population study.
Respiration, 72 (2005), pp. 142-149
[17.]
L.G. Larsson, A. Lindberg, K.A. Franklin, B. Lundbäck.
Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is common in subjects with chronic bronchitis. Report from the obstructive lung disease in northern Sweden studies.
Respiration, 68 (2001), pp. 250-255
[18.]
W. Cormick, L.G. Olson, M.J. Hensley, N.A. Saunders.
Nocturnal hypoxemia and quality of sleep in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease.
Thorax, 41 (1986), pp. 846-854
[19.]
M. Kink, S.F. Quan.
Prevalence of reported sleep disturbances in a general adult population and their relationship to obstructive airways diseases.
Chest, 91 (1987), pp. 540-546
[20.]
A. Brezinova, J.R. Catterall, N.J. Douglas, P.M. Calverley, D.C. Flenley.
Night sleep of patients with chronic ventilatory failure and age-matched controls: Number and duration of EEG sleep patterns, episodes of intervening wakefulness and drowsiness.
Sleep, 5 (1982), pp. 123-130
[21.]
C.C. Lin, W.C. Huang.
Sleep quality and nocturnal hipoxemia in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Formos Med Assoc, 91 (1992), pp. S232-S238
[22.]
J. Fleetham, P. West, B. Mezon, W. Conway, T. Roth, M. Krieger.
Sleep, arousals, and oxygen desaturation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 126 (1982), pp. 429-433
[23.]
W.C. Orr, Z. Shamma-Othman, D. Levin, J. Othman, O.H. Rundell.
Persistent hypoxemia and excessive daytime sleepiness in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Chest, 97 (1990), pp. 583-585
[24.]
B.A. Phillips, K.R. Cooper, T.V. Burke.
The effect of sleep loss on breathing in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Chest, 91 (1987), pp. 29-32
[25.]
J.L. McKeon, K. Murre-Allan, N.A. Saunders.
Suplemental oxygen and quality of sleep in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease.
Thorax, 44 (1989), pp. 184-188
[26.]
P.M.A. Calverley, V. Brezinova, N.J. Douglas, J.R. Catterall, D.C. Flenley.
The effect of the oxygenation on sleep quality in chronic bronchitis and enphysema.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 126 (1982), pp. 206-210
[27.]
N.J. Douglas, P.M.A. Calverley, R.J.E. Leggett, H.M. Brash, D.C. Flenley, V. Brezinova.
Transient hypoxemia during sleep in chronic bronchitis and enphysema.
Lancet, 1 (1979), pp. 1-4
[28.]
J.R. Catterall, N.J. Douglas, P.M.A. Calverley, C.M. Shapiro, V. Brezinova, H.M. Brash, et al.
Transient hipoxemia during sleep in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is not a sleep apnea syndrome.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 128 (1983), pp. 24-29
[29.]
J.L. McKeon, K. Murre-Allan, N.A. Saunders.
Prediction of oxygenation during sleep in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease.
Thorax, 43 (1988), pp. 312-317
[30.]
E.C. Fletcher, D. Scott, W. Qian, R.A. Luckett, C.C. Miller, S. Goodnight-White.
Evolution of nocturnal oxyhemoglobin desaturation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and daytime PaO2 above 60 mmHg.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 144 (1991), pp. 401-405
[31.]
V. Mohsenin, E.E. Guffanti, J. Hilbert, R. Ferranti.
Daytime oxygen saturation does not predict nocturnal oxygen desaturation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 75 (1994), pp. 285-289
[32.]
P.J. Vos, H.T. Folgering, C.L. Van Herwaarden.
Predictors for nocturnal hypoxaemia (mean SaO2 < 90%) in normoxic and mildy hypoxic patients with COPD.
Eur Respir J, 8 (1995), pp. 74-77
[33.]
J.F. Masa, J.A. Riesco.
Trastornos del sueño en la EPOC.
pp. 135-162
[34.]
J.A. Fleetham, B. Mezon, P. West, C.A. Bradley, N.R. Anthonisen.
Chemical control of ventilation and sleep arterial oxygen desaturation in patients with COPD.
Am J Respir, 122 (1980), pp. 583-589
[35.]
Y.F. Heijdra, P.N.R. Dekhuizen.
Nocturnal saturation and respiratory muscle function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Thorax, 50 (1995), pp. 610-612
[36.]
N.J. Douglas, D.P. White, C.K. Pickett, J.V. Weil, C.W. Zwillich.
Respiration during sleep in normal man.
Thorax, 37 (1982), pp. 840-844
[37.]
N.J. Douglas, D.P. White, J.V. Weil, C.K. Pickett, R.J. Martin, D.W. Hudgel, et al.
Hypoxic ventilatory response decreases during sleep in normal men.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 125 (1982), pp. 286-289
[38.]
D.W. Hudgel, R.J. Martin, M. Capehart, B. Jhonstone, P. Hill.
Contribution of hipoventilation to sleep oxygen desaturation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
J Appl Physiol, 55 (1983), pp. 669-677
[39.]
N.J. Douglas, D.P. White, J.V. Weil, C.K. Pickett, C.W. Zwillich.
Hypercapnic ventilatory response in sleeping adults.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 126 (1982), pp. 758-762
[40.]
M.W. Johnson, J.E. Remmers.
Accessory muscle activity during sleep in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
J Appl Physiol, 57 (1984), pp. 1011-1017
[41.]
F.J. O’Donoghue, P.G. Catcheside, E.E. Ellis, R.R. Grunstein.
Sleep hypoventilation in hypercapnic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: prevalence and associated factors.
Eur Respir J, 21 (2003), pp. 977-984
[42.]
E.C. Fletcher, B.A. Gray, D.C. Levin.
Non-apneic mechanisms of arterial oxygen desaturation during rapid-eye movement sleep.
J Appl Physiol, 54 (1983), pp. 632-639
[43.]
J.R. Catterall, P.M.A. Calverley, W. MacNee.
Mechanisms of transient nocturnal hypoxemia in hypoxic chronic bronchitis and enphysema.
J Appl Physiol, 59 (1985), pp. 1698-1703
[44.]
G. Coccagna, E. Lugaresi.
Arterial blood gases and pulmonary and systemic arterial pressure during sleep in chronic pulmonary disease.
Sleep, 1 (1978), pp. 117-124
[45.]
J.R.M. Bateman, D. Pavie, S.W. Clarke.
The retention of lung secretions during the night in normal subjects.
Clin Sci Mol Med, 55 (1978), pp. 523-527
[46.]
E.C. Fletcher, D.C. Levin.
Cardiopulmonary hemodinamics during sleep in subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: The effect of short and long term oxygen.
Chest, 85 (1984), pp. 6-14
[47.]
E. Weizenblum, J. Krieger, J. Apprill, E. Vallée, M. Ehrart, J. Ratomaharo, et al.
Daytime pulmonary hypertension in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 138 (1988), pp. 345-349
[48.]
E.C. Fletcher, R.A. Luckett, T. Miller, C. Costarangos, N. Kutka, J.G. Fletcher.
Pulmonary vascular hemodinamics in chronic lung disease patients with and without oxyhemoglobin desaturation during sleep.
Chest, 95 (1989), pp. 757-764
[49.]
J.W. Shepard, M.W. Garrison, D.A. Grither, R. Evans, P.K. Schwitzer.
Relationship of ventricular ectopy to nocturnal oxygen desaturation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Am J Med, 78 (1985), pp. 28-34
[50.]
E. Weitzenblum, A. Muzet, M. Erhart, J. Ehrjart, A. Sautegeau, L. Weber.
Variations nocturnes des gaz du sang de la presión artérielle pulmonaire chez les bronchiteux chroniques insuffisants respiratoires.
Nov Presse Méd, 11 (1982), pp. 1119-1122
[51.]
E.C. Fletcher, R.A. Luckett, T. Miller, J.G. Fletcher.
Exercise hemodinamics and gas exchange in patients with chronic obstruction pulmonary disease, sleep desaturation, and daytime PaO2 above 60 mm Hg.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 140 (1989), pp. 1237-1245
[52.]
J.W. Shepard, P.K. Schweitzer, D.S. Keller Chun, G.F. Dolan.
Myocardial stress. Exercise versus sleep en patients with COPD.
Chest, 86 (1984), pp. 366-374
[53.]
J.M. Parish, W. Shepard.
Cardiovascular Effects of sleep disorders.
Chest, 97 (1990), pp. 1220-1226
[54.]
J.A. Wedzicha, P.M. Cotes, D.W. Empey, A.C. Newland, J.P. Royston, R.C. Tam.
Serum immuno-reactive erythropoietin and hypoxic lung disease with and without polycitemia.
Cli Sci, 69 (1985), pp. 413-422
[55.]
M.E. Miller, J.F. García, R.A. Cohen, E.P. Kronkite, G. Moccia, J. Acevedo.
Diurnal levels of immuno-erythropoietin in normal subjects and subjects with chronic lung disease.
Br J Haematol, 49 (1981), pp. 189-200
[56.]
B. Harrison.
Polycythaemia in a selected group of patients with chronic airways obstruction.
Clin Sci, 44 (1973), pp. 563-570
[57.]
M.F. Fitzpatrick, T. Mackay, K.F. Whyte, M. Allen, R.C. Tam, C.J. Dore, et al.
Nocturnal desaturation and serum erythropoietin: A study in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and in normal subjects.
Cli Sci, 84 (1993), pp. 319-324
[58.]
W.T. Mc Nicholas.
Pulmonary perspective COPD and obstructive sleep apnea: overlaps in pathophysiology, systemic inflammation and cardiovascular disease.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 180 (2009), pp. 692-700
[59.]
P. Carratu, O. Resta.
Is obstructive sleep apnea a comorbidity of COPD and is it involved in chronic systemic inflammatory syndrome?.
Eur Respir J, 31 (2008), pp. 1381-1382
[60.]
W.T. McNicholas, M.X. Fitzgerald.
Nocturnal deaths among patients with chronic bronchitis and enphysema.
Br Med J, 289 (1984), pp. 878
[61.]
N.J. Douglas.
Breathing during sleep in patients with respiratory disease.
Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, pp. 37-48
[62.]
E.C. Fletcher, C.F. Donner, B. Midgren, J. Zielinski, P. Levi-Valensi, A. Braghiroli, et al.
Survival in COPD patients with a daytime PaO2 > 60 mm Hg with and without nocturnal oxyhemoglobin desaturation.
Chest, 101 (1992), pp. 649-655
[63.]
A. Chaouat, E. Weitzenblum, R. Kessler, R. Schott, C. Charpentier, P. Levi-Valensi, et al.
Outcome of COPD patients with mild daytime hypoxaemia with or without sleep-related oxygen desaturation.
Eur Respir J, 17 (2001), pp. 848-855
[64.]
Guía de práctica clinica de diagnóstico y tratamiento de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica. SEPAR-ALAT; 2009. Disponible en: www.separ.es
[65.]
J.L. McKeon, K. Murree-Allen, N.A. Saunders.
Supplemental oxygen and quality of sleep in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease.
Thorax, 44 (1989), pp. 184-188
[66.]
L. Zhang, J. Samet, B. Caffo, I. Bankman, N.M. Punjab.
Power spectral analysis of EEG activity during sleep cigarette smokers.
Chest, 133 (2008), pp. 427-432
[67.]
R.S. Goldstein, V. Ramcharan, G. Bowes, W.T. McNicholas, D. Bradley, E.A. Phillipson.
Effect of supplemental nocturnal oxygen on gas exchange in patients with severe obstructive lung disease.
N Eng J Med, 310 (1984), pp. 425-429
[68.]
R. Plywaczewski, P. Sliwinsky, A. Nowinski.
Incidence of nocturnal desaturation while breathing oxygen in COPD patients undergoing long term oxygen therapy.
Chest, 117 (2000), pp. 679-683
[69.]
E.C. Fletcher, R.A. Luckett, S. Goodnight-White, C.C. Miller, W. Qian, C. Costarangos-Galarza.
A double-blind trial of nocturnal supplemental oxygen for sleep desaturation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and a daytime PaO2 above 60 mmHg.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 145 (1992), pp. 1070-1076
[70.]
R.D. Levy, M.G. Cosio, L. Gibbons, P.T. Macklem, J.G. Martin.
Induction of sleep apnea with negative pressure ventilation in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease.
Thorax, 47 (1992), pp. 612-615
[71.]
B.J. Petrof, R.J. Kimoff, R.D. Levy, M.G. Cosio, S.B. Gottfried.
Nasal continuous positive airway pressure facilities respiratory muscle function during sleep in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 143 (1991), pp. 928-935
[72.]
J. De Miguel, J. Cabello, J.M. Sanchez-Alarcos, R. Alvarez-Sala, D. Espinos, J.L. Alvarez-Sala.
Long-term effects of treatment with nasal continuous positive airway pressure on lung function in patients with overlap syndrome.
Sleep Breath, 6 (2002), pp. 3-10
[73.]
P.K. Plant, J.L. Owen, M.W. Elliott.
Early use of non-invasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on general respiratory wards: a multicentre randomised controlled trial.
Lancet, 355 (2000), pp. 1931-1935
[74.]
British Thoracic Society Standars of care committee.
Non-invasive ventilation in acute respiratory failure.
Thorax, 57 (2002), pp. 192-211
[75.]
D.J. Meecham Jones, E.A. Paul, P.W. Jones, J.A. Wedzicha.
Nasal pressure support ventilation plus oxygen compared with oxygen therapy alone in hypercapnic COPD.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 152 (1995), pp. 538-544
[76.]
S.L. Krachman, A.J. Quaranta, T.J. Berger.
Effects of non-invasive positive pressure ventilation on gas exchange and sleep in COPD patients.
Chest, 112 (1997), pp. 623-628
[77.]
A. Ozsancak, C. D’Ambrosio, N.S. Hill.
Nocturnal Noninvasive Ventilation.
Chest, 133 (2008), pp. 1275-1286
[78.]
J. Hedner, L. Grote, D. Zou.
Pharmacological treatment of sleep apnea: Current situation and future strategies.
Sleep Med Rev, 12 (2008), pp. 33-47
[79.]
A.J. Block, F.R. Dolly, F.C. Slayton.
Does Flurazepan ingestion affect breathing and oxigenation during sleep in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease?.
Am Rev Resp Dis, 129 (1984), pp. 230-233
[80.]
R.D. Steens, Z. Pouliot, T.W. Millar, M.H. Krieger, C.F. George.
Effects of zolpiden and triazolan on sleep and respiration in mild to moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Sleep, 16 (1993), pp. 318-326
[81.]
R.B. Berry, M.M. Desa, J.P. Branun, W. Light.
Effect of theophylline on sleep and sleep-disordered breathing in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 143 (1991), pp. 245-250
[82.]
D.M. Nunes, R.M.S. Mota, M.O. Machado, E.D.B. Pereira, V.M.S. De Bruin, P.F.C. De Bruin.
Effect of melatonin administration on subjective sleep quality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Braz J Med Biol Res, 41 (2008), pp. 926-931
[83.]
D.C. Flenley.
Sleep in chronic obstructive lung disease.
pp. 651-661
[84.]
D.C. Fletcher.
Chronic lung disease in the sleep apnea syndrome.
Lung, (1990), pp. 751-761
[85.]
K.P. Strhol, M.D. Altose.
Oxygen saturation during breath-holding and during apneas in sleep.
Chest, 84 (1984), pp. 181-186
[86.]
A. Weitzenblum Chaouat, R. Kessler, M. Canuet.
Overlap syndrome. Obstructive sleep apnea in patiens with chronic obstructive pulmonary syndrome.
Proc Am Thorac Soc, 5 (2008), pp. 237-241
[87.]
S. Jelic.
Diagnostic and therapeutic approach to coexistent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and obstructive sleep apnea.
Int J COPD, 3 (2008), pp. 269-275
Copyright © 2010. Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica
Archivos de Bronconeumología
Article options
Tools

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?