Journal Information
Vol. 16. Issue 2.
Pages 78-90 (April - June 1980)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 16. Issue 2.
Pages 78-90 (April - June 1980)
Full text access
Problematica actual de la tuberculosis: II. Organizacion de un programa de lucha antituberculosa
Current state of tuberculosis. II. Organization of a program to fight against tuberculosis
Visits
3290
P. de March Ayuela
This item has received
Article information
Abstract
Bibliography
Download PDF
Statistics
Resumen

Aunque la tuberculosis es una enfermedad antigua, se acepta que la revolución industrial es la causa de una exacerbación epidémica, debido a las condiciones socioeconómicas por ella creadas (hacinamiento, falta de higiene, que influyen tanto de forma directa, facilitando los contagios en cadena, como indirecta al disminuir la resistencia del organismo frente al germen. Sin embargo, se ha supervalorado la influencia de los factores sociales, y la moderna quimioterapia ha demostrado la falsedad del predominio de aquéllos sobre los estrictamente médicos.

Clásicamente se pensaba que la infección primaria confería una inmunidad suficiente para prevenir nuevas infecciones, pero modernos estudios han demostrado que los individuos con reacción positiva a la tuberculina presentan un riesgo de tres a cinco veces mayor de desarrollar tuberculosis activa.

Sannarelli por un lado y Lange y Lydtin por otro expusieron sendas teorías, según las cuales la tuberculosis era inextirpable de la sociedad. Los modernos métodos de lucha antituberculosa han puesto de manifiesto lo errado de aquellas teorías. Actualmente se considera posible no sólo erradicar la enfermedad, sino extirpar la infección. Todo esto se concretaría en cuatro fases: superación, control, eliminación y erradicación verdadera.

Igualmente erróneo es el concepto de que la primoinfección en el adulto es de mayor gravedad que en la infancia. Actualmente, en los países desarrollados, aun en aquellos con baja endemia, la infección se produce en una mayor proporción en adultos que en niños, pero sin diferencias en cuanto a la gravedad.

Finalmente se comenta el tema de la reinfección como factor de tisiogénesis y su importancia práctica a la hora de programar la lucha antituberculosa.

Summary

Although tuberculosis is an ancient disease, it is accepted that the industrial revolution was the cause of an epidemic exacerbation due to the socio-economic condictions said revolution created (crowding, lack of hygiene). These conditions influenced both directly, facilitating chain contagion, and indirectly by decreasing the resistance of the organism to the germ. However, the influence of social factors have been overevaluated, and modern chemotherapy has demonstrated the falsity of the predominance of social factors over strictly medical factors.

Classically, it was thought that the primary infection conferred sufficient immunity to prevent new infections, but modern studies have shown that individuals with a positive reaction to tuberculin present a risk, three to five times greater, of developing active tuberculosis.

Sannarelli, on the one hand, and Lange and Lydtin on the other, presented noteworthy theories, according to which tuberculosis couid not be eradicated from society. Modern methods for fighting against tuberculosis, however, hace shown the errors of these theories. Currently it is thought that it is possible not oniy to eradicate the disease, but aiso to eliminate the infection. This wouid be carried out in four phases: surmount, control, elimination and true eradication.

The concept that the first infection in adulthood is of greater severity than in infancy is aiso wrong. Currently, in developed countries, even those with low endemia, the infection is produced, in greater proportion, in adults than in children, but with no differences with respect to severity.

Finally the authors comment on the topic of reinfection as a factor of pthisiogenesis and its practical importance for programming the fight against tuberculosis.

Full text is only aviable in PDF
Bibliografia
[1.]
G. Wolff.
Tuberculosis mortality and industrialization: With special reference to the United States.
Am. Rev. Tuberc., 42 (1940), pp. 214
[2.]
A. Rich.
Patogenia de la tuberculosis: Imp.
Ferrari Hnos, (1946), pp. 767
[3.]
E.R.N. Grigg.
The arcana of tuberculosis With a brief epidemiologi history of the disease in the USA.
Am. Rev. Tuberc. Pulm. Dis., 78 (1958), pp. 151
[4.]
W.H. Frost.
How much control of tuberculosis?.
Am. J. Publ. Hlth., 27 (1937), pp. 759
[5.]
K. Styblo.
Avances recientes en la investigación epidemiológica de la tuberculosis.
Enf. Tórax, 26 (1977), pp. 179
[6.]
Editorial.
Tuberculosis and diseases of the chest Fifty years on 1906-1956: Then and now.
Brit. J. Tuberc., 50 (1956), pp. 3
[7.]
B.R. Clarke.
Causes and prevention of tuberculosis.
E.S. Livingstine Ltd, (1952),
[8.]
R. Dubos.
Biologic and epidemiologic aspects of tuberculosis.
Am. Rev. Tuberc., 68 (1953), pp. 1
[9.]
GEISSLER.
Die Wandlung der sozialen komponente der Tuberkulosesterblichkeit.
Ztschr. Tuberk., 67 (1930), pp. 143
[10.]
British Medical Research Council.
A national tuberculin survey 1949-1950.
Lancet, 1 (1952), pp. 775
[11.]
G.J. Drolet, A.M. Lowell.
Whereto tuberculosis? The first seven years of thr antimicrobial era 1947-1953.
Am. Rev. Tuberc., 72 (1955), pp. 419
[12.]
U. Fabio, G. Cremonini.
L’indice tuberculonico in un campione della popolazione scolastica Modenese.
Lotta contro tuberc., 11 (1961), pp. 1304
[13.]
G.N. Fovino, M. Poggiopollini.
La tubercolizzacione e la morbosita tubercolares dalla nascita a 20 anni in provincia di Vertezia.
Lotta contro tuberc., 38 (1968), pp. 452
[14.]
P. de. March.
La transmisión del bacilo tuberculoso en la población española Paradójicos resultados de la Campaña de Erradicación.
Ann. Med. Cir., 4 (1974), pp. 255
[15.]
G. Neumann.
Zur Epidemiologie der Tuberkulose bei Kindern und Jungendlich.
Beitr Klin. Tuberk, 137 (1968), pp. 30
[16.]
L.D. Zeidberg.
The Williamson County tuberculosis study: a twenty-four year epidemiologic study.
Am. Rev. Resp. Dis., 87 (1963), pp. 88
[17.]
J.S. Champman, M.D. Dierly.
Social and other factors in intrafamilial transmision of tuberculosis.
Am. Rev. Resp. Dis., 90 (1964), pp. 48
[18.]
L.B. Reichman, P. Baines, R. O’day.
Factors influencing prevalence of tuberculous infection in New York: Am.
Rev. Resp. Dis., 113 (1976), pp. 53
[19.]
L.B. Reichman, R. O’day.
Tuberculous infection in a large urban population.
Am. Rev. Resp. Dis., 117 (1978), pp. 705
[20.]
P. de. March.
El valor del reposo y régimen sanatorial como coadyuvante de los tratamientos quimioantibiótícos.
Enf. Tórax, 8 (1959), pp. 57
[21.]
P. de. March.
Terapéutica moderna de la tuberculosis.
Monografía, (1968), pp. 21
[22.]
Tuberculosis Chemotherapy Centre.
Madras: A concurrente comparison of home and sanatorium treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis in South India.
Bull Wld. Hlth. Org., 21 (1959), pp. 51
[23.]
Tuberculosis Chemotherapy Centre.
Madras: A 5-year study of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in a concurrent comparison of home and sanatorium treatment for one year with isoniazid and PAS.
Bull. Wld. Hlth. Org., 34 (1966), pp. 533
[24.]
East African/British Medical Research Council.
Isoniazid with thiacetazone in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis in East Africa.
Second Investigation. Tubercle, 44 (1976), pp. 301
[25.]
S.M. Tuli, T.P. Srivastava, B.P. Varma, G.P. Sinha.
Tuberculosis of the spine.
Orthop. Scand., 38 (1967), pp. 445
[26.]
S.M. Tuli.
Results of treatment of spinal tuberculosis by middle path’regimen.
J. Bone Joint Surg., 57 (1975), pp. 13
[27.]
Bristish Medical Research Council.
A controlled trial of anterior spinal fusion and debridement in the surgical management of tuberculosis of the spine in patients on standard chemotherapy: A study in Hong Kong.
Brit. J. Surg., 61 (1974), pp. 853
[28.]
British Medical Research Council.
A fiveyear assesment of controlled trials of inpatient and outpatient treatment and of plaster Paris jackets for tuberculosis of the spine in children on standard chemotherapy. Studies in Masan and Pusan, Korea.
J. Bone Joint Surg., 58B (1976), pp. 399
[29.]
British Medical Research Council.
A controlled trial of anterior spinal fusion and debridement in the surgical management of tuberculosis of the spine in patients on standard chemotherapy: A study in two centres in South Africa.
Seven Report. Tubercie, 59 (1978), pp. 79
[30.]
S. Grzybowski.
La tubercülose chez les esquimaux.
Bull. Un. Int. Tuberc., 51 (1976), pp. 191
[31.]
G.W. Anderson.
Epidemiology of tuberculosis.
Am. Rev. Tuberc., 67 (1953), pp. 123
[32.]
M. Zierski.
Ursachen der Misserfolge der Chemotherapie.
Beitr. Klin. Tuberk., 138 (1968), pp. 41
[33.]
J.A. Sbarbaro.
Tuberculosis The new challenge to the practicing clinical.
Chest., 68 (1975), pp. 436
[34.]
G.W. Comstock.
Frost revisited: The modern epidemiology of tuberculosis.
Am. J. Epidem., 101 (1975), pp. 363
[35.]
T.L. Badger, L.F. Ayvezian.
Tuberculosis in nurses, clinical observations.
Am. Rev. Tuberc., 60 (1949), pp. 305
[36.]
J. Heimbeck.
Rapport existant entre l’infection et les maladies tuberculeuses.
Rev. Tuberc., 15 (1951), pp. 197
[37.]
J.R. Karns.
Tuberculosis in medical students at the University of Maryland.
Am. Rev. Tuberc., 79 (1959), pp. 746
[38.]
J.A. Myers, J.E. Bearmen, A.C. Botkins.
IX. Prognosis among students with tuberculin reaction conversion before. during and after medical school. Dis.
Chest, 50 (1966), pp. 120
[39.]
J.A. Myers.
X. Prognosis among students with tuberculin reaction conversion before, during and after school of nursing. Dis.
Chest., 53 (1968), pp. 687
[40.]
E. Roegel, G. Pauli, J. Bessot, C.L. Bohmer, CH A. Razakasoa, N. Roeslin, E. Mesle, G. Metz, P. Oudet.
Lutte antituberculeuse en milieu étudiant Declin de l’éndemie et perspectives d’avenir.
Rev. Fran. Mal. Resp., 4 (1976), pp. 327
[41.]
H.D. Chadwick, D. Zacks.
The incidence of tuberculosis infection in school children.
Tubercie, 12 (1930), pp. 111
[42.]
P.T.Y. Ch’iu, J.A. Myers, C.A. Stewart.
The fate of children with primary tuberculosis.
J. Am. Med. Ass., 112 (1939), pp. 1306
[43.]
K.F. Andvoord.
Der Verlauf der Tuberkulose durch Generationen.
Beitr. Klin. Tuberk., 75 (1930), pp. 552
[44.]
W.H. Frost.
The age selection of mortality from tuberculous in succesives decades.
Am. J. Hyg., 30 (1939), pp. 91
[45.]
C.E. Palmer, S. Jablon, P.H.Q. Edwards.
Tuberculosis morbidity of young men in relation to tuberculin and boy build.
Am. Rev. Tuberc., 76 (1957), pp. 517
[46.]
C.E. Palmer, S.H. Ferebee.
The epidemiologie bonus.
Editorial Am. Rev. Resp. Dis., 91 (1965), pp. 104
[47.]
J.A. Myers.
The tuming point.
Dis Chest, 25 (1954), pp. 459
[48.]
P.G. Sttit.
The rationale of emphasis on tuberculin testing in a tuberculosis control program.
Dis. Chest., 26 (1954), pp. 538
[49.]
D.T. Smith.
The elimination of tuberculosis from the Midwestern States in the next fifty years.
Dis. Chest., 26 (1954), pp. 615
[50.]
F.J.W. Miller.
Prevención y tratamiento de la tuberculosis en la infancia.
Ed. Esp. Practitioner, 7 (1970), pp. 60
[51.]
W.W. Stead.
Le concept unitaire de la tuberculose chez l’homme.
Butl. Un. Int. Tuberc., 49 (1974), pp. 344
[52.]
P. Freour, J. Duhamel, M. Serise, B. Coudray, P. Cassaigne.
Le risque tuberculeux chez l’adolescent et le jeune adulte Etude critique de la valeur protective de l’allergie spontanée.
Rev. Tuberc., 24 (1960), pp. 678
[53.]
J. Topley, N. Wilso.
The principies of Bacteriology and Inmunity.
Tesis Doctoral. London, (1931),
[54.]
FLATZEK-HOFBAUER, A. Kommen und Gehen der Tuberkulose. Eine epidemiologische Studie. C. Kabitzsch, pág. 48. Leipzig, 1931.
[55.]
A.M.M. Payne.
Basic concepts of eradication.
Am. Rev. Resp. Dis., 88 (1963), pp. 449
[56.]
J.A. Myers.
Eighty years after the first glimpse of the tubercle bacillus.
Dis. Chest., 51 (1967), pp. 500
[57.]
B.A. Dormer.
Tuberculosis in South Africa.
Brit. J. Tuberc., 50 (1956), pp. 52
[58.]
J.A. Myers, J.E. Bearman, H.G. Dixon.
The natural history of tuberculosis in the human body V. Prognosis among tuberculin-reactor children from birth to five years of age.
Am. Rev. Resp. Dis., 87 (1963), pp. 354
[59.]
J.A. Myers, J.E. Bearman, H.G. Dixon.
VI. Prognosis among tuberculin reactor children of six to twelve years.
Am. Rev. Resp. Dis., 90 (1964), pp. 359
[60.]
J.A. Myers, J.E. Bearman, H.G. Dlxon.
VIII. Prognosis among tuberculin reactor girls and boys of thirteen to seventeen years.
Am. Rev. Resp. Dis., 91 (1965), pp. 896
[61.]
J.A. Myers.
The natural history of tuberculosis in the human body Forty-five years of observation.
J. Amer. Med. Ass., 194 (1965), pp. 1086
[62.]
J.A. Myers.
II. Longitudinal observations imperative. Editorial.
Am. Rev. Resp. Dis., 80 (1959), pp. 100
[63.]
American Thoracic Society.
Preventive treatment in tuberculosis.
Am. Rev. Rsp. Dis., 91 (1965), pp. 297
[64.]
American Thoracic Society.
Preventive therapy of tuberculous infection.
Am. Rev. Resp. Dis., 110 (1974), pp. 371
[65.]
G.W. Comstock, V.T. Livesay, S.F. Woolpert.
The prognosis of a positive tuberculin reaction in childhood and adolescence.
Am. J. Epidemiol., 99 (1974), pp. 131
[66.]
J.M. Sachs, C.H.H. Miller.
Tuberculin skin-testing conversion in Viet-Nam.
Ann. Intern. Med., 73 (1970), pp. 767
[67.]
G.W. Comstock, L.B. Edwards, V.T. Livesay.
Tuberculosis morbidity in the USA Navy Its distribution and declive.
Am. Rev. Resp. Dis., 110 (1974), pp. 572
[68.]
British Medical Research Council. BCG and Vole bacillus in the prevention of tuberculosis in adolescents. Brit. Med. J., 1: 413, 1956; Second Report, 2, 379, 1959; Thirth Report, 1, 973, 1963 y Fourth Report. Bull. Wld. Hlth. Org., 46: 371, 1972.
[69.]
British Medical Research, Council.
BCG and Vole bacillus in the prevention of tuberculosis in adolescence and early adult life.
Bull. Wld. Hlth. Org., 51 (1974), pp. 473
[70.]
SUTHERLAND. I. Comunicación personal a Barnet, G.D. y Styblo, K., 1977.
[71.]
G.D. Barnet, K. Styblo.
Aspects bacteriologiques et radiologiques de la tuberculose succedant a una primoinfection contractée pendant ou après l’adolescence.
Bull. Un. Inter. Tuberc., 52 (1977), pp. 5
[72.]
W.W. Stead, D.P. Schlueter, G.R. Kerby, C.W. Jordahl.
Primary tuberculosis among adults: Clinical spectrum, difficulty in recognition and role in pathogenesis of chronic tuberculosis.
Am. Rev. Resp. Dis., 98 (1968), pp. 128
[73.]
Seix, P. de. March.
Estudio de la infección tuberculosa en Barcelona. Sus relaciones con el índice de mortalidad.
Enf. Tórax, 13 (1955), pp. 3
[74.]
P. de. March.
La repercusión de los modernos tratamientos médicos y quirúrgicos en el funcionamiento de los Sanatorios y Dispensarios de la lucha antituberculosa.
Enf. Tórax., 7 (1958), pp. 67
[75.]
P. de. March.
Epidemiología contemporánea de la tuberculosis.
Enf. Tórax, 15 (1966), pp. 907
[76.]
G. Canetti, I. Sutherland, E. Svandova.
Réactivation endogène et reinfection exogène Leur importante relative dans l’éclosion de la tuberculose non primaire.
Bull. Un. Inter. Tuberc., 47 (1972), pp. 122
[77.]
B. Lange, N. Lydti.
Experimentelle Untersuchungen. Zbl. Hyg., 110 (1929), pp. 209
[78.]
P.H. Schwartz.
Empflindlichkeit und Schwindsucht.
J. Ambrosius Barth. Leipzig, (1935),
[79.]
F. Ickert.
El reinfecto exógeno y la superinfección en tuberculosis.
Ed. Morata, (1942),
[80.]
S. Osato, H. Tsukawara, Y. Isawa.
On the problems of reinfection of tuberculosis: The use of streptomycin-resistant tubercle bacilli as labelled cells for reinoculation experimental.
Am. Rev. Tuberc., 74 (1956), pp. 258
[81.]
DORNEDDEN y POHLEN, K. En Ickert, F. Tabla 1, pág. 13, 1942.
[82.]
Prophyt Tuberculosis Survey 1935-1944. Tuberculosis in young adults. London, 1948.
[83.]
J.B. Shaw, N. Wynn-williams.
Infectivity of pulmonary tuberculosis in relation to sputum status.
Am. Rev. Tuberc., 69 (1954), pp. 724
[84.]
G. Hertzberg.
The infectiousness of human tuberculosis An epidemiological investigaction.
Acta Tuberc. Scand., (1957),
[85.]
R.G. Loudon, J. Williamson, J.M. Johnson.
An analysis of 3.485 tuberculosis contacts in the City of Edinburgh during 1954-1955.
Amer. Rev. Tuberc., 77 (1958), pp. 623
[86.]
VAN D.F. Zwanenberg.
The influence of the number of bacilli on the development of tuberculous diseases in children.
Am. Rev. Resp. Dis., 82 (1960), pp. 31
[87.]
F.L. Geiger, J.M. Kuemmerer.
Tuberculosis casefinding among contacts in seven South Carolina counties.
Publ. Hlth. Rep., 78 (1963), pp. 663
[88.]
S. Grzybowski, E.A. Allen.
The challenge of tuberculosis in decline. A study on the epidemiology of tuberculosis in Ontario, Canada.
Am. Rev. Resp. Dis., 90 (1964), pp. 707
[89.]
S. Grzybowski, H. Fishaut, J. Rowe, A. Brown.
Tuberculosis among patientes with various radiologic abnormalities followed by the chest clinic service.
Am. Rev. Resp. Dis., 104 (1971), pp. 605
[90.]
S. Grzybowski, G.D. Barnett, K. Styblo.
Contacts of cases of active pulmonary tuberculosis.
Bull Un. Int. Tuberc., 50 (1975), pp. 90
[91.]
NEUMANN, G. Epidemiología de la tuberculosis. Med. Klin., 113: 1972. Ed. Esp.
[92.]
G. Neumann.
Le risque chez les sujete en contad avec les tuberculeux.
Bull. Un. Inter. Tuberc., 59 (1974), pp. 334
[93.]
H.A. Van Geuns, J. Meijer, K. Styblo.
Resultats de l’examen des sujetcs en contad avec des malades tuberculeux a Rotterdam 1967-1969.
Bull. Un. Inter. Tuberc., 50 (1975), pp. 105
[94.]
British Thoracic Association.
A study of a standarised contad procedure in tuberculosis.
Tubercle, 59 (1978), pp. 245
[95.]
J.A. Romeyn.
Exogenous reinfection in tuberculosis.
Am. Rev. Resp. Dis., 101 (1970), pp. 923
[96.]
B. Lange.
Perlsuchtbazillen als Erreger der Lungenschwindsucht.
Dtsch. Med. Wschr., 63 (1937), pp. 1465
[97.]
J.W. Raleigh, T.A. Wichelhausen.
Evidence for infection by two distinct strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in pulmonary tuberculosis.
Am. Rev. Resp. Dis., 112 (1975), pp. 497
[98.]
E. Mankiewicz, M. Liivak.
Phage types of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in cultured isolated from Eskimo patients.
Am. Rev. Resp. Dis., 111 (1975), pp. 307
[99.]
B.C. Tompson.
Pulmonary tuberculosis developin in persons observed from childhood.
Am. Rev. Tuberc. Pulm. Dis., 75 (1957), pp. 885
[100.]
I. Sutherland.
Recent studies in the epidemiology of tuberculosis based on the risk of being infected with tubercle bacili.
Adv. Tuberc. Res., 19 (1976), pp. 1
[101.]
S. Grzybowski, K. Styblo, E. Dorken.
Tuberculosis in Eskimos.
Tubercle, 59 (1976),
[102.]
British Thoracic and Tuberculosis Association.
Chemoprophylaxis against tuberculosis ir Britain.
Tubercle, 54 (1973), pp. 309
[103.]
FORBES, G.I. 24. Conf. Inter. Un. Ag Tuberc., Bruxelles, 1978, pág. 65.
[104.]
O. Horwitz, E. Wilbeck, P.A. Erickson, DANISH TUBERCULOSIS INDEX.
Epidemiological basis of tuberculosis erra dication 10 Longuitudinal studies on the risk of tuberculosis in the general population of a low prevalence area.
Bull. Wld. Hlth. Org., 41 (1969), pp. 95
[105.]
K.G.W. Ferebee, S.H. Comstoc.
How much isoniazid is needed for prophylaxis?.
Am. Rev. Resp. Dis., 101 (1970), pp. 780
[106.]
Y. Chiba.
Signification de la réactiva tion endogène Observation pendant 30 ans des sujets ayant viré leur test tuberculinique.
Bull. Un. Intern. Tuberc., 49 (1974), pp. 347
[107.]
CHIBA, Y. y KURIHARA, T. Deve lopment of pulmonary tuberculosis with special re ference to time interval after tuberculin conversion. 24. Conf. Intern. Un. Ag. Tuberc., pág. 55 Bruxelles, 1978.
[108.]
G.W. Comstock, P.H.Q. Edwards.
The competing risk of tuberculosis anc hepatitis for adult tuberculin reactors.
Editorial Am. Rev. Resp. Dis., 111 (1975), pp. 573
[109.]
W.E. Stead.
Pathogenesis of a firs episode of chronic pulmonary tuberculosis in man Recrudescence of residuals of the primary infection or exogenous reinfection?.
Am. Rev. Resp Dis., 95 (1967), pp. 729
[110.]
W. Borngraeber.
Tierexperimente lie untersuchungen zur aktivierbar-keit bestehen der Tuberkuloser herde durch tuberkulin une durch emeutes angebot von tuberkulosebakterien.
Praxis Pneumol., 28 (1974), pp. 241
[111.]
K. Styblo, L. Sutherland.
Indices epidemiologiques en vue de la planificatioi de la surveillance et de Tevaluation des program mes antituberculeuses.
Bull. Un. Intern. Tuberc., 49 (1974), pp. 74
[112.]
British Thoracica and Tuberculosis Association.
A survey of tuberculosis mortality in England and Wales in 1968.
Tubercle, 52 (1971), pp. 1
[113.]
D.A. Enarson, I.S. Grzybowsk, E. Dorken.
Failure of diagnosis as factor in tuberculosis mortality.
Am. Rev. Resp. Dis., 117 (1978), pp. 420
[114.]
K.E. Schenk.
Uber die Haufigkeit des Tuberkulose nach autoptischen untersuchungen.
Med. Welt., 21 (1970), pp. 50
[115.]
V. Mäkelä, K. Alakulju, J. Holst, T. Siljander.
Tuberculosis-diagonosed and undiagnosedas a cause of death autopsy observations.
Scand. J. Resp. Dis., 52 (1971), pp. 13
[116.]
G. Lavelee, J. Richard, Y. Zein.
La situation actuelle de la mortalité par tuberculose en France.
Rev. Fran. Mal. Resp., 6 (1978), pp. 419
[117.]
M.P. Karavaev.
Causes of death among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis according to post-mortem findings.
Excerpta Chest Dis., 33 (1978), pp. 2638
[118.]
F.G. Linell, G. Ostberg.
Tuberculosis in an autopsy material with special reference to cases not discovered until necropsy.
Scand. J. Resp. Dis., 47 (1966), pp. 200
[119.]
I.J. Brightman, J. Katz.
Significance of active tuberculosis initially reported after death.
Excerpta Chest Dis., 19 (1966), pp. 2310
[120.]
F.J. Arens.
Die Tuberkulose im Spiegel der Todesursachendokumentation.
Praxis Pneumol, 28 (1974), pp. 108
[121.]
FARER, L., LOWELL, A. y JEWELL, S. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis in USA 1975-1977. 24. Conf. Un. Intern. Un. Ag. Tuberc., Bruxelles, 1978.
[122.]
D.A. Trauger.
A model for epidemiology of tuberculosis.
Am. Rev. Resp. Dis., 90 (1964), pp. 582
[123.]
K. Styblo, J. Meijer, L. Sutherland, Tuberculosis Surveillance research unit.
The transmision of tubercle bacilli. Its trend in a human population.
Bull. Intern. Un. Tuberc., 42 (1969), pp. 5
[124.]
Tuberculosis surveillance research unit.
Annual risk of tuberculous infection in 14 countries derived fron de results of tuberculin surveys.
Bull. Intern. Un. Tuberc., 45 (1971), pp. 1
[125.]
G. Neumann.
Die epidemiologische Bedeutung von Tuberkulinprüngen.
Praxis Pneumol., 25 (1971), pp. 378
[126.]
M.A. Bleiker.
Tendances epidemiologiques dans les pays a faible endemicité.
Bull. Un. Inter. Tuberc., 49 (1974), pp. 140
[127.]
K. Styblo.
La tuberculosis en los países en vías de desarrollo en comparación con Europa.
Münch Med. Wschr. Ed. Esp., 119 (1977), pp. 569
[128.]
K. Styblo, J. Meijer.
Recent advances in tuberculosis epidemiology with regard to formulation or readjustment control programmes.
Bull. Intern. Un. Tuberc., 53 (1978), pp. 283
[129.]
I. Sutherland, P.M. Fayers.
The association of the risk of tuberculous infection with age.
Bull. Intern. Un. Tuberc., 50 (1975), pp. 70
[130.]
R. Narain, S.S. Nair, P. Chandrasekhar, G. Ramamatha Rao.
Problems connected with estimating the incidence of tuberculosis infection.
Bull. Wld. Htlh. Org., 34 (1966), pp. 605
[131.]
H. Waaler, O. Galtung, K. Mordal.
Le risque d’infection en Norvege.
Bull. Un. Intern. Tuberc., 50 (1975), pp. 5
[132.]
J. Holm.
Dis heutige Tuberkulosesituation in der Welt.
Beitr. Klin. Tuberk., 121 (1959), pp. 3
[133.]
KREIS, B. Citado por Rouillon, A y cols., 1976.
[134.]
R. Narain, M.S. Subba Rao, P. Chandrasekhar.
Microscopy positive and microscopy negative cases of pulmonary tuberculosis.
Am. Rev. Resp. Dis., 103 (1971), pp. 761
[135.]
R. Narain.
Transmission de la tuberculose.
Bull. Un. Intem. Tuberc., 52 (1977), pp. 89
[136.]
C.E. Rose, G.O. Zerbe, S.O. Lantz, W.C. Bailey.
Establishing priority during investigation of tuberculosis contacts.
Am. Rev. Resp. Dis., 119 (1979), pp. 603
[137.]
L. Sultan, W. Nyka, C. Mills, F. O’grady, W. Wells, R.L. Riley.
Tuberculosis disseminators. A study of the variability of aerial infectivity of tuberculous patients.
Am. Rev. Resp. Dis., 82 (1960), pp. 358
[138.]
J.S. Chapman.
The adequacy of present criteria of noninfectiousness measured by tuberculin conversion in the offspring of adults.
Am. Rev. Resp. Dis., 83 (1961), pp. 436
[139.]
H. Yager Jr., J. Lay, L.E. Smith, C.A. Maistre.
quantitative studies of Mycobacterial populations in sputum and saliva.
Am. Rev. Resp. Dis., 95 (1967), pp. 998
[140.]
American Thoracic Society.
Bacteriologic standards for discharge of patients. A statamente by the Committe on Bacteriologic standards for the discharge of patients.
Am. Rev. Resp. Dis., 102 (1970), pp. 470
[141.]
S.M. Brooks, N.L. Lassiter, E.C. Young.
A pilot study concerning the infection risk of sputum positive patients on chemotherapy.
Am. Rev. Resp. Dis., 108 (1973), pp. 799
[142.]
A. Leff, R.E. Hansen, J. Rowland, J. Krieger.
Out-patients treatment of advanced pulmonary tuberculosis without initial hospitalization.
Am. Rev. Resp. Dis., 109 (1974), pp. 697
[143.]
J.J. Gunnels, J.H. Bates, H. Swindoll.
Infectiousness of culturepositive patients on chemotherapy.
Am. Rev. Resp. Dis., 105 (1972), pp. 989
[144.]
J.J. Gunnels, J.H. Bates, H. Swindoll.
Infectivity of sputum-positive tuberculous patients on chemotherapy.
Am. Rev. Resp. Dis., 109 (1974), pp. 323
[145.]
R.L. Riley, A.S. Moodie.
The effect of ambulatory versus home treatment of tuberculosis on patients and their contacts.
Am. Rev. Resp. Dis., 109 (1974), pp. 697
[146.]
R.L. Riley, A.S. Moodie.
Infectivity of patientes with pulmonary tuberculosis in inner city homes.
Am. Rev. Resp. Dis., 110 (1974), pp. 810
[147.]
H. Bierschenk.
Die epidemiologische Bedeutung des INH-Resistanz bei Offentuberkulosen.
Ztschr. Tuberk, 111 (1958), pp. 159
[148.]
Tuberculosis Chemotherapy Centre, Madras,.
Prevalence of tuberculosis among close family contacts of tuberculosis patients in South India and influence of segregation of the patients on the early attack rate.
Bull. Wld. Hlth. Org., 23 (1960), pp. 463
[149.]
Tuberculosis Chemotherapy Centre, Madras.
Influence of segregation of tuberculous patients for one year on the attack rate of tuberculosis in a 2-years period in close family contacts in South India.
Bull. Wld. Hlth. Org., 24 (1961), pp. 129
[150.]
Tuberculosis Chemotherapy Centre, Madras.
Prevalence and early attacks rate of tuberculosis among close family contacts of tuberculous patients in South India under domiciliary treatment with isoniazid plus PAS or isoniazid alone.
Bull. Wld. Hlth. Org., 25 (1961), pp. 361
[151.]
Tuberculosis Chemotherapy Centre, Madras.
A controlled study of the influence of segregation of tuberculous patients for one year on the attack rate of tuberculosis in a five year period in close family contacts.
Bull. Wld. Hlth. Org., 34 (1966), pp. 517
[152.]
Tuberculosis Chemotherapy Center, Madras.
Attack rate of tuberculosis in a 5-year period among close family contacts of tuberculosis patients under domiciliary treatment.
Bull. Wld. Hlth. Org., 42 (1970), pp. 337
[153.]
A.S.H. Sherman.
Incidence of tuberculosis among contacts of tuberculous patients from whom drug-resistant Mycobacteria tuberculosis were isolated 1964.
Excerta Chest Dis., 17 (1964), pp. 970
[154.]
A. Murata.
Virulence of isoniazidresistant tubercle bacilli in the human body Infectousness of isoniazid-resistant tubercle bacilli.
Excerpta Chest Dis., 21 (1968), pp. 2415
[155.]
M.H. Zaki, H.A. Lyons, A.B. Robins.
Tuberculin sensitibity of contacts of tuberculous patients in New York City.
Am. Rev. Resp. Dis., 109 (1974), pp. 697
[156.]
I. Stefanescu.
Chemotherapy of the sourse and the risk of infection and diseases among home contacts.
Excerpta Chest Dis., 32 (1977), pp. 2673
[157.]
SIMINEL, M., BUNGETZIANU, GH. y ANASTASATU, C. Le risque d(infection et de maladie chez les contacts des foyers eliminateurs de Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistants et sensibles aux tuberculostatiques classiques. 24. Conf. Un. Intern Tuberc., Bruselas, 1978.
[158.]
J.D. Ross, N.W. Horne.
Modern drug treatment in tuberculosis.
Fifth, The Chest, Heart and Stroke Ass, (1976),
[159.]
S. Grzybowski, D. Enarson.
El destino de los casos de tuberculosis pulmonar sometidos a diferentes formas de tratamiento.
Bull. Un. Intrn. Tuberc., 53 (1978), pp. 66
[160.]
American Thoracic Society.
Guidelines for investigation and management of tuberculosis contacts.
Am. Rev. Resp. Dis., 114 (1976), pp. 459
[161.]
W.F. Wells.
Airbone contagion and air hygiene.
Harvard University Press, (1955),
[162.]
W.F. Wells.
Airbone contagion and air hygiene.
Harvard University Press, (1955),
[163.]
R.L. Riley, W.F. Wells, C.C. Mills, W. Nyka, R.L. Mclean.
Air hygiene in tuberculosis: Quantitative studies of infectivity and control in a pilot ward.
Am. Rev. Tuberc., 75 (1957), pp. 420
[164.]
R.L. Riley.
Aerial dissemination of pulmonary tuberculosis.
Am. Rev. Tuberc., 76 (1957), pp. 931
[165.]
R.L. Riley, C.C. Mills, F. O’grady, L.V. Sultan, F. Wittstadt, D.N. Shivpuri.
Infectiousness of air from a tuberculosis ward. Ultraviolets irradiation of infected.
Am. Rev. Resp. Dis., 85 (1962), pp. 511
[166.]
R.G. Loudon, R.M. Roberts.
Drolet expulsion from the respiratory tract.
Am. Rev. Resp., 95 (1967), pp. 435
[167.]
R.G. Loudon, R.M. Roberts.
Singing and the dissemination fo tuberculosis.
Am. Rev. Resp. Dis., 98 (1969), pp. 297
[168.]
K. Styblo.
Epidemiología de la tuberculosis.
Bull. Un. Intern. Tuberc., 53 (1978), pp. 145
[169.]
H.A. Van geuns, J. Meijer, K. Styblo.
Le rendement de la practique des tests tuberculiniques de masse chez les enfants et les adolescents non vaccinés.
Bull. Un. Intern. Tuberc., 50 (1975), pp. 77
[170.]
A. Lotte, S. Perdrizet, F. Hatton.
Epidémiologie de la tuberculose et defaillances de la lutte antituberculeuse chez l’enfant.
Bull. Wld. Hlth. Org. 44, (1971),
[171.]
American Thoracic Society.
Preventive treatment of tuberculosis.
Am. Rev. Resp. Dis., 104 (1971), pp. 460
[172.]
R.F. Johnston, H.K. Wildrick.
The impact of chemotherapy on the care of patients with tuberculosis.
An. Rev. Resp. Dis., 109 (1974), pp. 636
[173.]
L. Feiman, G. Martischni.
The declive and fall of the chest clinic.
Tubercle, 54 (1973), pp. 77
[174.]
A. Rouillo, S. Perdrizet, R. Parrot.
La transmission du bacille tuberculeus.
Rev. Fran Mal. Resp., 4 (1976), pp. 241
[175.]
V.H. Houk, D.C. Kent, J.H. Barker, K. Sorensen, C.G. Hanzel.
The Byrd study, and analysis of a microoutbreak of tuberculosis in a closed environment.
Arch. Env. Hlth., 16 (1968), pp. 26
[176.]
E. Petersen, J. Knudsen, E. Wilbeck, DANISH TUBERCULOSIS INDEX GROTH.
Epidemiological basis of tuberculosis eradication in an advanced country.
Bull. Wld. Hlth. Org., 21 (1959), pp. 5
[177.]
K. Styblo, D. Dankova, J. Drapela, J. Galliova, Z. Jerek, J. Krivanek, A. Rubik, M. Langerova, J. Radkovsky.
Epidemiological and clinical study in the district of Kolin Czechoslovakia Report for the first 4 years of the study (1961-1964).
Bull. Wld. Hlth. Org., 37 (1967), pp. 819
[178.]
S.H. Ferebee, Mount.
Tuberculosis morbidity in a controlled trial of the prophylactic use of isoniazid among household contacts.
Am. Rev. Resp. Dis., 85 (1962), pp. 490
[179.]
L. Sutherland, E. Svandova, S. Radhakrishna.
Models bases sur des hypotheses altematives pour l’etude de l’apparition de la maladie tuberculeuse a la suite de l’infection par le bacille tuberculeux.
Bull. Un. Intern. Tubero., 51 (1976), pp. 179
[180.]
W.W. Stead.
Tuberculosis: En Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, pp. 858
[181.]
P.H.Q. Edwards.
Screening for tuberculosis.
Chest, 68 (1975), pp. 451
[182.]
I.M. Nakielna, R. Cragg, S. Grzybowski.
Lifelong follow-up of inactive tuberculosis: its value and limitations.
Am. Rev. Resp. Dis., 112 (1975), pp. 765
[183.]
S. Nissen-meyer.
Statistical investigations of the relationship of tuberculosis morbidity and mortality to infection.
Acta Tubero. Scand., (1949),
[184.]
I. Sutherland.
The evolution of clinical tuberculosis in adolescents’among 35,000 unvaccinated participants in the Medical Research Council Tuberculosis Vaccines Trial.
Tubercle, 47 (1966), pp. 308
[185.]
WAALER, H. Comunicación personal a Rouillon, A. y cols. 1976.
[186.]
F.W. Mount, S.H. Ferebee.
Preventive effects of isoniazid in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis in children.
New Engl. J. Med., 265 (1961), pp. 713
[187.]
W.W. Stead.
The pathogenesis of pulmonary tuberculosis among older persons.
Am. Rev. Resp. Dis., 91 (1965), pp. 811
[188.]
T. Shimao, K. Shiozawa, T. Mori.
Phtisiohenese de la tuberculose pulmonaire chez l’adulte.
Bull. Un. Inter. Tubero., 49 (1974), pp. 357
[189.]
Union Internationale contre la tuberculose.
Enquéte de l’UICT sur la durée du traitement prophylactique des sujets porteurs de lesions fíbreuses.
Premiers resultals. Bull. Un. Inter. Tubero., 49 (1974), pp. 301
[190.]
Union Internationale contre la tuberculose.
L’essai controle de l’UICT sur le traitement preventif par Fisoniazide chez les sujets prese ntant des lesiones fíbreuses du poumon.
Bull. Un. Intern. Tubero., 51 (1976), pp. 203
[191.]
R.J. Mathews.
Tuberculisations and tuberculosis in children urban conditions with special reference to «contacts».
Tubercle, 12 (1931), pp. 193
[192.]
G. Simon, F. Redeker.
Manual práctico de tuberculosis infantil.
2.a Ed, Ed. Morata, (1942), pp. 101
[193.]
W.W. Stead.
Goal and productivity of tuberculosis screening.
Chest, 68 (1975), pp. 446
[194.]
S. Grzybowski, W.B. Marr.
The unchanging pattern of pulmonary tuberculosis.
Cand. Med. Ass. J., 89 (1963), pp. 737
[195.]
G.W. Comstock, C.E. Palmer.
Long-term results of BCG vaccination in the Southern United States.
Am. Rev. Resp. Dis., 93 (1966), pp. 171
[196.]
A.R. Hinman, J.M. Judd, J.P. Kolnik, P.B. Daitch.
Changing risk in tuberculosis.
Am. J. Epidemiol., 103 (1976), pp. 486
[197.]
G. Neumann.
Die Disposition zur Tuberkulose.
Praxis Pnemol., 19 (1965), pp. 1
[198.]
J. Tatchell.
Inheritance of susceptibility to tuberculosis in human population.
Med. J. Austr., 2 (1969), pp. 1049
[199.]
E.B. Meve.
Primary tuberculous infection in young adults.
Probl. Tuberk., 37 (1959), pp. 6
[200.]
T. Shimao, T. Mori, M. Aoki.
Les grupes a haut risque de tuberculose. Incidence de la tuberculose enregistrée durant une periode d’observation de cinq années parmi une population echantillon de Tenquête de 1968 sur la prevalence de la tuberculosi.
Bull. Un. Inter., Tuberc., 51 (1976), pp. 367
[201.]
American Thoracic Society.
Toward erradication. A contemporary tuberculosis control strategy.
Am. Rev. Resp. Dis., 118 (1978), pp. 641
Copyright © 1980. Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica
Archivos de Bronconeumología
Article options
Tools

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?