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Vol. 36. Issue 11.
Pages 651-654 (December 2000)
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Vol. 36. Issue 11.
Pages 651-654 (December 2000)
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Rotura bronquial en traumatismo torácico cerrado
Occupationally caused respiratory diseases
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F. López Espadas1, M. Zabalo, M. Encinas, G. Díaz Regañón, C. González Fernández
Departamentos de Medicina Intensiva. Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla. Santander
M.A. Pagola*
* Departamentos de Medicina Intensiva y Radiodiagnóstico. Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla. Santander.
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La rotura bronquial es una complicación infrecuente pero potencialmente grave en el traumatismo torácico cerrado, con una mortalidad asociada del 30%. En las últimas décadas se está presenciando un incremento en su incidencia paralelamente al desarrollo de los medios de transporte. El 80% de las lesiones se localizan a 2,5cm de la carina. El diagnóstico está basado en las manifestaciones clínicas, hallazgos radiológicos y en la broncoscopia. El enfisema subcutáneo y la insuficiencia respiratoria son los síntomas más frecuentes. A escala radiológica destaca la presencia de neumotórax, neumomediastino o ambos. La broncoscopia es el método diagnóstico de elección y se debe realizar de forma temprana. El tratamiento es el restablecimiento de la continuidad anatómica del árbol traqueobronquial mediante la reparación quirúrgica de la lesión, tan pronto como sea posible, si ésta es mayor de un tercio de la circunferencia y/o el neumotórax no se resuelve con dos drenajes torácicos. Es muy importante que este tipo de lesión sea reconocida y tratada de forma temprana, tanto para restaurar con éxito la función pulmonar, como para evitar las complicaciones asociadas con el retraso diagnóstico y terapéutico. No obstante, los hallazgos iniciales son a menudo inespecíficos, y requieren un alto índice de sospecha, por lo que en un porcentaje elevado de pacientes el diagnóstico es tardío.

Palabras clave:
Traumatismo torácico cerrado
Rotura traqueobronquial

In closed chest trauma, bronchial rupture is an unusual but potentially serious complication, with an associated mortality rate of 30%. Recent decades have seen an increase in incidence parallel to greater use of transport. Eighty percent of injuries are located 2.5cm from the carina. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs, imaging and bronchoscopy. Subcutaneous emphysema and respiratory insufficiency are the most common findings. Images show the presence of pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum or both. Bronchoscopy is the diagnostic method of choice and must be performed early. Treatment consists of reestablishing anatomical continuity of the tracheobronchial tree by surgical repair if the lesion affects more than a third of the circumference and/or pneumothorax is not resolved after two chest drainages. This type of injury should be recognized and treated early, both to restore lung function and to prevent associated complications caused by delay. However, initial findings are seldom specific, requiring the physician to display a high degree of suspicion and explaining why diagnosis often comes late.

Key words:
Closed chest trauma
Tracheobronchial rupture
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