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Vol. 38. Issue 10.
Pages 479-484 (October 2002)
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Vol. 38. Issue 10.
Pages 479-484 (October 2002)
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La toracocentesis en la evaluación del cáncer de pulmón con derrame pleural*
Thoracentesis for the assessment of lung cancer with pleural effusion
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E. Martín Díaza,
, A. Arnau Obrera, M. Martorell Cebolladab, A. Cantó Armengoda
a Servicios de Cirugía Torácica.Hospital General Universitario de Valencia
b Servicios de Anatomía Patológica. Hospital General Universitario de Valencia
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Objetivo

Analizar la repercusión pleural y ganglionar mediastínica de la citología tumoral obtenida por toracocentesis del derrame pleural (DP) diagnosticado mediante radiografía de tórax en pacientes con cáncer de pulmón (CP)

Pacientes Y Métodos

Estudio realizado en pacientes con CP primario y DP evidente en la radiografía de tórax a los que se les realizó toracocentesis seguida de videotoracoscopia (VT) para valorar la infiltración pleural directa por el tumor, la afección ganglionar mediastínica y la existencia de diseminación metastásica pleural. Fueron intervenidos quirúrgicamente aquellos sin contraindicación, pese a tener citología tumoral. Al encontrar metástasis pleural se practicó pleurodesis con talco y tratamiento quimioterápico. El estudio estadístico contempló los siguientes aspectos: descripción de las variables epidemiológicas; validez de la VT para el diagnóstico de metástasis pleural y de la citología por toracocentesis para evaluar la infiltración pleural por contigüidad, enfermedad N2 y la existencia de metástasis pleural; supervivencia

Resultados

En 971 pacientes consecutivos con CP hubo 188 con DP, 72 visibles en la radiografía de tórax. El volumen fue superior a 425 ml. La citología fue tumoral en 29 casos (40%). Hubo metástasis pleural en 54 pacientes (75%), 23 con citología tumoral. En los otros 6 pacientes con citología tumoral, la neoplasia primaria infiltraba la pleura visceral, en 5 de forma completa, 4 de los cuales presentaban infiltración de la pleura mediastínica. Se realizó la exéresis del tumor primario y adenopatías en 11 pacientes, 3 con citología tumoral. La evaluación pleural de visu por VT para el diagnóstico de mestástasis pleural dio una sensibilidad (S) del 93%, especificidad (E) del 82%, un valor predic-tivo positivo (VPP) del 94% y un valor predictivo negativo (VPN) del 78%. La citología por toracocentesis para el diagnóstico de metástasis pleural presentó: S 43%, E 67%, VPP 79% y VPN 28%; para infiltración pleural por contigüidad, sin metástasis pleural: S 40%, E 100%, VPP 100% y VPN 25%; y en la invasión ganglionar mediastínica evaluada clínicamente: S 55%, E 62%, VPP 18% y VPN 90%. La supervivencia tras toracotomía alcanzó el 39% a los 2 años, con una mediana de 14,5 meses y en los 11 pacientes resecados fue del 53% a los 2 años. La comparación de las supervivencias de los pacientes intervenidos por toracotomía y los tratados mediante pleurodesis tras VT fue significativa (p < 0,01). La supervivencia de los 3 pacientes con citología tu-moral resecados alcanzó 84, 39 y 25 meses

Conclusiones

El 19% de los pacientes con CP tiene un DP y el 7% puede ser diagnosticado en la radiografía de tórax, en cuyo caso la probabilidad de que coexista con metástasis pleural es del 75%. El hallazgo de citología tumoral en el DP no es equivalente de metástasis pleural. La toracoscopia se puede considerar la técnica idónea en el análisis de la invasión pleural directa por el tumor o la diseminación metastásica

Palabras clave:
Cáncer de pulmón
Derrame pleural
Citología tumoral
Metástasis pleural
Objective

To analyze the pleural and mediastinal effect of thoracentesis tumorpositive cytology in pleural effusions (PE) detected by chest X ray of lung cancer patients

Patients And Methods

The study was performed in patients with lung cancer for whom PE was evident in chest X ray films, who then underwent thoracentesis followed by video-assisted thoracoscopy (VAT) to evaluate direct pleural tumor infiltration, mediastinal node involvement and the existence of pleural metastasis. Patients without contraindication underwent the procedure, even if tumor positive cytology was present. When pleural metastasis was found the treatment employed was talc pleurodesis and chemotherapy. Descriptive statistics were compiled and the validity of VAT for pleural metastasis diagnosis, of thoracentesis pleural cytology to detect infiltration of the tumoradyacent pleura, N2 disease and pleural metastasis were calculated. Survival was also analyzed

Results

PE was present in 188 of 971 consecutive lung cancer patients. Seventy two PEs were visible in the chest X ray films. Volume exceeded 425 mL. Tumor positive pleural cytology was detected in 29 cases (40%). Pleural metastasis were found in 54 patients, 23 of whom had tumor positivepleural cytology. In the other 6 patients with positive cytology the primary neoplasm infiltrated the visceral pleura, completely in 5. In 4 of those 5, the mediastinal pleura was also involved. The primary tumor and diseased lymph nodes were removed from 11 patients, 3 of them with tumoral pleural cytology. Visual pleural inspection by VAT had a sensitivity of 93%, specificity of 82%, positive predicted value (PPV) of 94% and negative predicted value (NPV) of 78% for the diagnosis of pleural metastasis. Thoracentesis cytology showed a sensitivity of 43%, specificity of 67%, PPV of 79% and NPV of 28% for pleural metastasis. For the evaluation of adjacent pleura infiltration, without pleural metastasis, the sensitivity of cytology was 40%, specificity 100%, PPV 100% and NPV 25%. For mediastinal node invasion clinically evaluated, the sensitivity of cytology was 55%, specificity of 62%, PPV 18% and NPV 90%. Survival after thoracotomy was 39% after 2 years, and the median survival time was 14.5 months. In the 11 resected patients, survival was 53% at two years. The difference in survival between patients treated by thoracotomy and those treated by talc pleurodesis after VAT was significant (p < 0.01). The 3 resected patients with pleural tumor-positive cytology sur-vived 84, 39 and 25 months

Conclusions

Nineteen percent of patients with lung cancer have PE, of which 7% can be seen in chest X ray films. In such patients the likelihood of pleural metastasis is 75%. Pleural metastasis is not necessarily present when PE cytology indicates that tumor is present. VAT can be considered the ideal technique for the assessment of direct pleural invasion by the tumor or of pleural metastasis

Keywords:
Lung cancer
Pleural effusion
Tumor cytology
Pleural metastasis
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Premio López Trigo de la Diputación Provincial de Valencia. Año 2000

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