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Vol. 32. Issue 4.
Pages 170-175 (April 1996)
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Vol. 32. Issue 4.
Pages 170-175 (April 1996)
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Enfermedad pulmonar por micobacterias ambientales oportunistas en pacientes sin infección por el virus de la inmunodefíciencia humana. Factores de riesgo, clínica, diagnóstico y evolución
Pulmonary disease due to opportunistic ambient mycobacteria in non HIV-positive patients. Risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis and evolution
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E. Martínez Moragón, R. Menéndez1, V. Marco
Servicios de Neumología, Hospital Universitario La Fe. Valencia
M. Santos*, R. Lorente*
* Servicios de Microbiología. Hospital Universitario La Fe. Valencia
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La enfermedad por micobacterias ambientales oportunistas (MAO) constituye una infección frecuente en los pacientes VIH-positivos, aunque también puede acontecer en individuos inmunocompetentes. El objetivo del presente estudio ha sido describir los factores de riesgo, las características clínicas, la evolución y el espectro microbiológico de las MAO que originan, en nuestro medio, enfermedad pulmonar en individuos sin infección por el VIH. Se han revisado 29 casos consecutivos que fueron diagnosticados de enfermedad pulmonar por MAO durante el período 1989-1994 (26 varones y 3 mujeres, edad media 58 ± 14 años). Correspondieron a infección por Mycobacterium kansasii 19 casos (66%), siete por M. avium complex (24%), dos por M. chelonae (7%) y uno por M.flavescens (3%). Los factores de riesgo más frecuentemente asociados fueron el tabaquismo y la existencia de patología pulmonar previa (enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica o tuberculosis residual). Las manifestaciones clínicas fueron inespecíficas, predominando un síndrome tóxico junto a tos no productiva. La radiografía de tórax fue indistinguible de la de una enfermedad por M. tuberculosis, siendo el patrón más común la consolidación alveolar cavitada. El estudio de sensibilidad a fármacos in vitro demostró resistencia a isoniazida en todas las cepas, junto a resistencia a rifampicina, estreptomicina y, en menor grado, a etambutol para las cepas de M. avium complex y M. chelonae. Con tratamiento médico prolongado entre 12-14 meses, realizado con fármacos de primera línea, los 17 casos en los que se dispone de seguimiento completo presentaron una evolución favorable y sólo en 2 pacientes no se logró la erradicación bacteriológica.

Palabras clave:
Infección pulmonar
Infección por micobacterias
Micobacterias no tuberculosas
Pacientes inmunocompetentes
Factores de riesgo
Sintomatología
Diagnóstico
Tratamiento

Diseases caused by opportunistic ambient mycobacteria (OAM) are common in HlV-positive patients, although they also occur in immunocompetent individuals. The objective of the present study was to describe the risk factors, clinical signs, course and microbiological spectrum of OAM that cause pulmonary diseases in non HlV-infected individuals in our community. We reviewed 29 consecutive patients with OAM-caused pulmonary disease between 1989-1994 (26 men and 3 women, mean age 58 ± 14 years). Infections were by Mycobacterium kansasii, 19 (66%) cases; M. avium complex, 7 (24%) cases; M. chelonae, 2 (7%) cases, and M. flavescens, one (3%) case. Risk factors most often associated to infection were smoking and a history of pulmonary disease (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or residual tuberculosis). Clinical signs were non specific, although toxic syndrome and unproductive cough predominated. Chest films were indistinguishable from those for infection by M. tuberculosis, with cavitated alveolar fibrosis being the main pattern. In vitro drug sensitivity tests showed that all strains were resistant to isoniazid, and that M. avium complex and M. chelonae strains were resistant to rifampicin, streptomycin and, to a lesser degree, to ethambutol. With prolonged medical treatment lasting from 12 to 24 months with first-line drugs, outcome was good for the 17 patients for whom full follow-up information was available. Therapy failed to eradicate the bacteria in only 2 patients.

Key words:
Pulmonar infection
Infection due to mycobacterias
Non-tuberculous mycobacterias
Immunocompetent patients
Risk factors
Simptomatology
Diagnosis
Treatment
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Copyright © 1996. Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica
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